Microformats Wiki - User contributions [en]

citation-brainstorming

2007-02-03T19:27:48Z

BDarcus: /* Date Fields */

<h1> Citation Brainstorming </h1>

== See also ==
* [[citation]]
* [[citation-examples]]
* [[citation-formats]]
* [[citation-faq]]

__TOC__

== Contributors ==

* ...
* ... (a bunch of good folks!)
* Tantek Çelik
* Tim White
* Michael McCracken
* Brian Suda
* [[User:AndyMabbett|Andy Mabbett]]

== Use Cases ==

To focus the discussion, please add use cases below that will help show what problems the citation microformat will be solving.

I've included two, focusing on consuming information - I've assumed that use cases for generating microformatted content would just involve the desire to enable your content to be consumed better, but I'm interested to see if there's something I'm missing here -Mike

=== Acquiring reference information from the web ===

A user either finds an author's papers page, or is viewing the results of a search and would like to import the information about the displayed papers into their local reference database, for the purposes of cataloging things they've read, adding notes, and using the information to generate later citations, potentially in other forms, such as BibTeX or Docbook, for inclusion in a publication of their own.

Notes: In this case, it isn't important to the user what format the citation takes as displayed on the page where they find it. What *is* important is that it contains enough information to allow generation of the format they will ultimately re-publish it in. This implies that it may be worthwhile to err a little on the side of verbosity.

Also, links to downloadable full representations of the cited work are very important - e.g. a link to the PDF of a journal article, or to a music file.

=== Subscribing to reading lists, periodicals, etc ===

I would like to be able to leverage my news aggregator with hAtom to subscribe to a remote source for citation information, for example:

* a reading list for a seminar
* The publication list for a conference (e.g., subscribe to SIGGRAPH and see the updated conference proceedings every year)
* the issues of a journal
* a particular research group or researcher's publications
* Not just research: a popular author's publications (e.g., [http://www.gladwell.com/archive.html Malcolm Gladwell's Archive])

=== Aggregating reading lists and reviews ===

A citation microformat-specific aggregator could provide a decentralized version of [http://citeulike.org/ CiteULike]. Libraries, authors, research groups, and publishers could mark up their collections, while other people on weblogs or review sites could add tags and reviews.

At least, having a well-adopted microformat would make writing tools like CiteULike much better, since it relies in some cases on screen-scraping publisher web-sites.

=== Cut & Paste from web pages ===
Capturing/copying HTML from web pages for use in other applications (especially when those apps present HTML as output), such as pasting into Word, or a specialized application like [http://www.google.com/notebook Google Notebook], [http://onfolio.com Onfolio] or [http://www.kaboodle.com Kaboodle]. When such captures are made, it makes sense to keep track of the full citation data, including the date it was accessed, which may or may not be the date it was published.

=== Blogs quoting other resources, including blogs ===
Any blog that cites online content, whether a blog or news article, could use an hCitation to properly link to the cited reference. Such citations could include the access date when the blogger made the citation, because resources on the other side of those links can change without notice.

Instead, today we have simple formating with a link to the permaURL. The citation data is completely lacking. See [http://doc.weblogs.com Doc Searl's blog] for a style of referencing that could benefit from proper a citation uF.

Fascinating... after I added the last two use cases, I realized they focus on potentially marginal cases. The first because it is missing the "output" part of the cut & paste, where the uF would actually be used as part of the paste. The latter because bloggers have a working citation mechanism that is just a link to the URL (hopefully a permaURL). One could argue they wouldn't want a full hCitation. And in fact, until a tool exists that makes it easy, they probably won't. However, a tool that cuts & pastes from anywhere on the web into a blog with a full citation seems like a nice tool. But again, I'm not really paving the cowpaths with these ideas. -Joe Andrieu

===Finding in Library===
Find a copy of the cited work in a nearby library (as with [http://ocoins.info/ OpenCOinS]). [[User:AndyMabbett|AndyMabbett]] 04:55, 4 Nov 2006 (PST)

===Buy a copy===
Find the cited work on, for example, Amazon or [http://www.abebooks.com/ ABE]; or subscribe to a journal via its own website. [[User:AndyMabbett|AndyMabbett]] 04:55, 4 Nov 2006 (PST)

===Find reviews===
Find third-party reviews of the cited work. [[User:AndyMabbett|AndyMabbett]] 04:55, 4 Nov 2006 (PST)

== Original hBib Discussion ==

During the WWW2005 Developer's Day [[microformats]] track, Rohit Khare gave a [[presentations|presentation]] where he discussed the microformats [[process]], and then did a quick demonstration wherein a bunch of us got on a shared Subethaedit document, and brainstormed some thoughts on what an "hBib" bibliography citation microformat would look like. Rohit placed the [http://cnlabs.commerce.net/~rohit/hBib%20Discussion.html document on his Commercenet site].

* http://cnlabs.commerce.net/~rohit/hBib%20Discussion.html

''An attempt to summarize and inline the linked document follows. -Mike''

Two major goals were outlined by the group:

* Avoid re-keying references
* Adapt to new journal styles by changing CSS

The fundamental problem was discussed in terms of display - the ability to transform XHTML+hBib into the many journal-specific formats. For example, how to display "et.al" when all authors are present in the source, and how to re-order the elements if a style defines a set order of elements that conflicts with the ordering in the source. Using hCard for authors was agreed on, and the beginnings of an example were shown.

== XHTML Structure ==
With my exprience working X2V and hCa* has taught me what elememts are easy to find and which are not. Since the Citation microformat is very new it is possible to not make a lot of the same errors twice and to make things easier for extracting application to find and imply certain properties.

* There should be some sort of 'root node' that implies all child elements are for the hCitation microformat.
* Since most people will have multiple citations there should be away to represent each hCitation object as a unqiue block independent of another. This is to keep the parse from finding 'author' and applying that to all citations. Each citation should be in a container (class="hcite") that is separated from others.
* Perhaps class="hcite" with <code><cite></code> recommended as the root element. E.g. <code><cite class="hcite"></code>

'''Note: This section was the original content of the document. Since then, class='hcite' has been agreed on as the root class name. See [http://microformats.org/wiki?title=citation-brainstorming#.27hcite.27_as_Root_Element_name explanation].'''

== Citation vs. [[media-info]] ==

What distinguishes a cite from say [[media-info]] (e.g. [[media-info-examples]]) is that a cite is a reference to something explicitly external to the current piece of content or document, whereas [[media-info]] describes information about content embedded or inline in the current document.

== Semantic Meaning ==
One of the guiding priniciple of Microformats is to use the most semantically rich element to describe each node (Point 2 of Semantic XHTML Design Principles: Use the most accurately precise semantic XHTML building block for each object etc). Since we are dealing with HTML and citations, several elements are candidates to be used to enrich the semantic meaning. [http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/struct/text.html CITE, BLOCKQUOTE, Q, A], (are there more?)

The [[citation-brainstorming|Citation Brainstorming Page]] has a few development and ideas about how to give another person credit for a link. Some of the semantic ideas behind their choices of tags can be applied to a full bibliographic type reference. ''Does this sentence make sense only historically? -Mike''

== OCLC's WorldCat for titles ==
Question: what about using something like OCLC's [http://www.oclc.org/worldcat/open/isbnissnlinking/default.htm WorldCat] for linking titles? - Tim White

== This and That ==
After reading through alot of different citation encoding formats, i noticed that each format was being used in onw of two ways. It was either to describe the Current page (THIS.PAGE) or being used to encode references that point to external resources (THAT.PAGE)

The informatation being encoded was identical for both resources (author, date, name, etc) they just reference different things. For this microformat, i'm not sure if we want to try to solve both problems, or just one? The meta tags in the head element would be the ideal place for information about the THIS.PAGE, but that is not in following with the ideals of microformats where information is human-readable. The THAT.PAGE idea where a list of references is at the end of a document in the form of a bibliography is more inline with the ideals of a microformat where the data is human-readable. That doesn't mean that data about the current document shouldn't be human-readable, so some of the same properties used to reference extermal resources can be used for the current document (THIS.PAGE). To do this a different root item could be used and transforming applications could either extract the citation data about the current page, or information about this page's references.

This is open for discussion, but either way, i believe that the properties used to describe a page will be the same for both THIS and THAT. [http://suda.co.uk/ brian suda]

== More on This and That ==

Citation microformats are being explored as a possibility for citing genealogical information at [http://eatslikeahuman.blogspot.com Dan Lawyer's blog].

This is a case where frequently the citation would refer to (THIS.PAGE), but would have nested within it a reference to (THAT.PAGE), possibly a few levels deep. For instance, a web page might contain data extracted from a microfilm of a census. The citation would need to include information about the web page, information about the microfilm, and information about the census. Genealogical citations are expected to include the repository (where can this book or microfilm be found. Is this the same as ''venue''?). So, at each level the information should contain the repository of the referenced item. A nesting (recursive) mechanism for citation microformats would be useful in this case. Is this the function of the "container" element in the Straw Format?

== Date Formatting ==
Since microformats are all about re-use and the accepted way to encode Date-Time has been pretty much settled, then this is a good place to start when dealing with all the different date citation types.

These are all the different fields from various citation formats that are of temporal nature:
* Date (available | created | dateAccepted | dateCopyrighted | dateSubmitted | issued | modified | valid)
* originInfo/dateIssued
* originInfo/dateCreated
* originInfo/dateCaptured
* originInfo/dateOther
* month
* year
* Copyright Year
* Date - Generic
* Date of Confernce
* Date of Publication
* Date of update/revisou/issuance of database record
* Former Date
* Entry Date for Database Record
* Database Update
* Year of Publication

There are several common properties across several citation domains and will certainly be in the citation microformat, the unique instances will need further consideration, otherwise there could be no end to posiblities.

There are also several properties (year, month, Year of publication) that can be extracted from another source. Therefore, if you only encode a more specific property such as; Date of Publication, you can extract the 'year of publication' from that. Since the date-time format we are modeling after is the ISO date-time format, just the Year portion is an acceptable date. So if you ONLY know the year of publication, the you can form a valid 'Date of Publication' as a microformat (which inturn is a valid 'year of publication') - you milage may vary when it comes to importing into citation applications.

...

It seems to me that these can be collapsed to maybe one or two different date properties. As far as the specific human readable formatting of the date, that can be chosen per whatever the presentation style guide says, and the [[datetime-design-pattern]] used to simplify the markup. - Tantek

'''Important'''
Sometimes we need a date range and not simply a date (e.g. 4-6 May 2006). See ''Conference Citation'' examples later on this page. - Discoleo

'''Seasons'''
Some journals have seasonal issues (e.g. "Summer 2006 edition") instead of, or as well as, editions labelled by month or other calendar-date. [[User:AndyMabbett|AndyMabbett]] 05:05, 4 Nov 2006 (PST)

== Tags ==
Some of the citation formats has a place for 'keywords' or 'generic tags', etc. This might be a good place to re-use the [http://microformats.org/wiki/rel-tag RelTag microformat]. The downside would be that they are then forced to be links, which might be the correct way to mark-up these terms.

== MARC / MODS / Dublin Core ==

The MODS ([http://www.loc.gov/standards/marcxml/Sandburg/sandburgmods.xml example]) and Dublin Core ([http://www.loc.gov/standards/marcxml/Sandburg/sandburgdc.xml example]) transformations of MARC21 may contain some useful ideas.

Here's a first attempt at rewriting the linked examples in XHTML (written in response to a [http://microformats.org/discuss/mail/microformats-discuss/2005-December/002438.html mailing list query about encoding book information with microformats]):

<pre><nowiki>
<div class="book" lang="en">
<h3 class="fn">Arithmetic /</h3>
By Sandburg, Carl,
1878-1967,
and Rand, Ted
Publisher: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich,
San Diego
Published: 1993
A poem about numbers and their characteristics. Features
anamorphic, or distorted, drawings which can be restored to normal by viewing
from a particular angle or by viewing the image's reflection in the provided
Mylar cone.
One Mylar sheet included in pocket.
Subjects:
<ul>
<li class="subject">Arithmetic</li>
<li class="subject">Children's poetry, American.</li>
<li class="subject">Arithmetic</li>
<li class="subject">American poetry</li>
<li class="subject">Visual perception</li>
</ul>
</div>
</nowiki></pre>

== Basic Citation Stuctures ==
There are basic structures to any citation, this is an overview of some of the types
[http://www.users.muohio.edu/darcusb/misc/citations-spec.html http://www.users.muohio.edu/darcusb/misc/citations-spec.html]

== Concerns not addressed by existing formats ==

There are some aspects '''NOT adequately''' covered by existing formats. I have addressed this issue on the OpenOffice.org wiki page, too. [see http://wiki.services.openoffice.org/wiki/Bibliographic_Database for an extending discussion, the paragraph on ''Reference Types'']

These issues pertain mainly to '''Errata''', '''Comments and Authors Reply''' and '''Article Retractions'''.
* a bidirectional link could be necessary to implement these features (original article <=> eratum, reply, retraction letter)
* '''IMPORTANT: Errata'''
** Erata: one or more Corrections might be posted in various issues of the journal
** this is usually cited as: Orininal Article Citation Data (Correction available in ''Journal, Issue Nr, Year, Pages'') (repeat for more than one correction)
** it is possibly never cited alone
** there should be a link to the original article, while the original article should contain a link to this ''Errata''
* '''IMPORTANT: Commentary and Author Reply'''
** similar to Errata, there might be one or more Comments and Author Replys; this should be stored, too
** however, it is usually not included in the original citation
** it might be used however in a citation, but I do not know exaclty how to cite it optimally (original article should be provided as well)
* '''IMPORTANT: Article Retraction'''
** an article may be retracted because of plagiarism or some other flaw
** this should not be used any further in the research
** however, it might be used e.g. for an article on plagiarism or flawed research
** there should be therefore one field storing this information, too, and a link to:
** the published withdrawal letter (which explains why the article was retracted)

* this issue may need a time-controlled event
* '''IMPORTANT: electronic publishing ahead of print (EPUB)'''
** more and more articles are initially posted online, before the published article gets actually printed
** How should this be used/cited?
** Is this changed, after the print version becomes available?

== Outstanding Issues ==
The 3 main points i (Brian) came across so far are:
1) IDENTIFIERS
2) FORMAT TYPES
3) NESTING

1) In hCard/hCalendar there is a UID field. Added with URL it makes for a great unique identifier. There are loads of other identifers besides URL, ISBN, LOC call number, SKU, ISSN, etc. Many of these are unique in their domain, but not globally unique. So how to they get marked-up? Much like the hCard TEL/ADR properties, we can use something like:
<pre>
<nowiki>
<div class="uid">ISBN: 123456</div>
</nowiki>
</pre>
This makes the encoding the most extensible... if we start use class="isbn" then it is an enumerated list, with class="type" it is open ended.

2) I keep mis-using "format", format is the medium - hardback, softback. The TYPE (there probably is a better word - container?) is book, article, conference, manifesto, etc. Much like the identifers we can make an enumerated list of values, class="book", class="article", but that boxes us in, whereas something like: <pre><nowiki>article</nowiki></pre> leaves things more open.

3) Nesting citation data in a citation. The ability to nest the same microformat inside itself is something that other microformats don't explicitly handle.

The two options are:
i) Using class="book"
<pre>
<nowiki>
<div class="hcite">
<div class="book">
Book Title
<div class="chapter">
Chapter Title
</div>
</div>
</div>
</nowiki>
</pre>

This makes things easy to nest and to figure out exactly what is
associated with what, but the downside is that we have enumerated
lists of values for the class properties.

ii) using the TYPE for book
<pre>
<nowiki>
<div class="hcite">
<div class="type">book</div>
Book Title
<div class="type">chapter</div>
Chapter Title
</div>
</nowiki>
</pre>

now the class="fn" is not nested inside the class="book" or
class="chapter" so there would have to be some other mechanism to
associate the data with the type.

== Brian's Straw format ==

=== implied schema (examples) ===
+ publisher
+ language
+ description
+ title
+ creator
+ journal
+ volume
+ issue
+ page
+ edition
+ identifier
+ tags
+ format
+ date published
+ copyright
- audience

=== implied schema (formats) ===
+ publisher
+ language
+ description
+ title
+ creator
+ volume
+ pages
+ edition
+ issue
+ identifier
+ tags
+ format
+ date published
+ date copyrighted
- subtitle
- image
- excerpt
- index terms
- series title
- publication
- journal
- part (1 of X)

UNION of the two schemas
+ (PLUS) means common properties
- (MINUS) means unique to the schema

=== Working straw schema ===

This list records discussion about the common schema from above. The format is ''descriptive-name'' (''optional-recommended-element'' 'class-name') (''link to explanation'').

If there is no explanation link, that field should be considered either obvious or up for debate. If you're not sure which, it's up for debate.

* root element ('hcite') ([http://microformats.org/wiki?title=citation-brainstorming#.27hcite.27_as_Root_Element_name explanation])
** title ('title')
** Author / Editor etc. ('creator')
** Volume Number ('volume')
** Pages ('pages')
*** note: this can be any value
** Edition ('edition')
** Issue number ('issue')
** Tags (href rel='tag')
** Format ('format')
*** Note - this is unclear at present - does format mean 'type', as in 'book' vs. 'article'? --[[User:Mike|Mike]] 22:53, 16 Jan 2007 (PST)
** date published ('date-published') ([http://microformats.org/wiki?title=citation-brainstorming#Date_Fields explanation])
** date accessed ('date-accessed') ([http://microformats.org/wiki?title=citation-brainstorming#Date_Fields explanation])
** publisher
** language
** Abstract / description ('description')
** URI (href class='uri') ([http://microformats.org/wiki?title=citation-brainstorming#The_URI_Element explanation])
** identifier
*** an (not necessarily globally unique) identifier, such as a cite-key, pubmed ID number, or simply the reference number or string within a publication ([1] or [CLRS2001])

==== Notes about missing / changed fields in the schema ====

This section lists fields that are intentionally ''not'' included in the straw schema, or are not represented directly, and links to discussion about each.

* date copyrighted ([http://microformats.org/wiki?title=citation-brainstorming#Date_Fields explanation])

=== Examples ===

Markup examples using the above format:

==== Book ====

This is Brian's original example

<pre>
<nowiki>
<ul class="bibliography">
<li class="hcite" xml:lang="en-gb">


<div class="creator vcard">
John Doe
...
</div>


Foobar!
World Class Book about foobar
1
1
1
1-10
article


12345678


<a class="keyword" rel="tag" href="/tags/foo">foo</a>
bar


Published <abbr class="dtpublished" title="20060101">January 1st 1006</abbr>
Copyright <abbr class="copyright" title="20060101">2006</abbr>
</li>
...
</ul>

Have you read ;span class="title"><abbr title="book" class="format">Foo Bar</abbr>?
It was written by John Doe.
It only came out a <abbr class="dtpublished" title="20060101">few months ago</abbr>
</nowiki>
</pre>

Note: the "format" property above is incorrect. Format would refer more the physical characteristics of an item, rather than its type or genre (e.g. "article", "book", etc.). I'd rather have the main class for the li be "article" in this context, than the fairly meaningless "citation." Of course, one could have both, which would be fine too. -- bruce

Note: Could we use ROLE from hCard to identify editors, translators, authors, etc?
This was discussed on the mailing list and the idea was dropped [http://microformats.org/discuss/mail/microformats-discuss/2006-September/005694.html]

'''Comments''' : [[User:Singpolyma|singpolyma]] 08:03, 16 Jun 2006 (PDT) : keywords should be [[rel-tag]], and probably also [[XOXO]] (the same way the citation list is)

[[User:RCanine|RCanine]] 11:55, 18 Dec 2006 (EST) :

* Is there a reason not to re-use "published" from hAtom instead of inventing a new, basically equivalent term in "dtpublished"?
* Missing a URL/URI/IRI/UID etc. field example (ISBN for Book).
* Does the "copyright" class conflict with [http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/#class WHATWG's definition]?
* WRT Bruce's comment, I'm currently using class="article citation" for my writing, as it has the most flexibility with CSS styles for titles (e.g. Book titles .citation>.fn must be italicized, while article titles must not, their container should).
* Speaking of containers, we need an "in" or "collection" field for journal articles or articles-in-books, or is that covered by "publisher"?

==== Citing Private Communication ====

Needs an example.

==== Citing Legal Cases ====
Needs an example.
see [http://microformats.org/wiki/citation-examples-markup#Wikipedia_Court_Case Wikipedia example] for inspiration.

==== Citing a Book ====

needs an example

==== Citing a journal article ====

needs an example

==== Citing a magazine article ====

needs an example

==== Citing a Patent ====

Drawn from this [http://microformats.org/wiki/citation-examples#U.S._Patent example from Wikipedia]:

<pre><nowiki>
<li class="hcite"><a href="http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=4,405,829" class="url"
title="http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=4,405,829">
U.S. Patent 4,405,829</a>:
The <a href="/wiki/RSA" title="RSA">RSA</a> patent, a famous software patent on the ground-breaking
and highly unobvious algorithm for public key encryption, widely used for secure communications
in many industries nowdays
</li>
</nowiki></pre>

==== Citing a conference publication====

Based on the [http://microformats.org/wiki/citation-examples#ACM_Digital_Library_Search_Result_Examples conference publication reference example].

Changed Oct 06 to conform with [http://microformats.org/wiki/citation-brainstorming#Brian.27s_Straw_format Brian's format]. --[[User:Mike|Mike]] 18:09, 12 Oct 2006 (PDT)
(everything but the url class should be in line with that proposal)

L. Hochstein, J. Carver, F. Shull, S. Asgari, V. Basili, J. K. Hollingsworth, and M. Zelkowitz, “Hpc programmer productivity: A case study of novice hpc programmers,” in Proceedings of ACM/IEEE Supercomputing Conference, 2005.

<pre><nowiki>
<cite class="hcite">
Lorin Hochstein University of Maryland, College Park ,
 Jeff Carver Mississippi State University ,
 Forrest Shull Fraunhofer Center Maryland ,
 Sima Asgari University of Maryland, College Park ,
 Victor Basili Fraunhofer Center Maryland ,
 Jeffrey K. Hollingsworth University of Maryland, College Park , and
 Marv Zelkowitz University of Maryland, College Park ,
<a class="fn url" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/SC.2005.53">HPC Programmer Productivity: A Case Study of Novice HPC Programmers</a>.
(conference publication)
<cite class="container hcite">
<a class="fn url" href="...">Proceedings of ACM/IEEE Supercomputing Conference</a>
<abbr class="dtpublished" title="20051126T0000-0800">2005</abbr>
</cite>
page 35
<div class="publisher vcard">
IEEE Computer Society

<div class="adr">
Washington,
DC
</div>
</div>
<a class="url instantiation" href="http://portal.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=1105800&type=pdf&coll=portal&dl=ACM&CFID=68330711&CFTOKEN=39187329">PDF of full text from ACM</a>

DOI: <a class="url uid" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/SC.2005.53">10.1109/SC.2005.53</a>
Tags:
<a class="keyword" rel="tag" href="results.cfm?query=genterm%3A%22Design%22 ...">
Design</a>,
<a class="keyword" rel="tag" href="results.cfm?query=genterm%3A%22Experimentation%22 ....">
Experimentation</a>,
<a class="keyword" rel="tag" href="results.cfm?query=genterm%3A%22Measurement%22...">
Measurement</a>,
<a class="keyword" rel="tag" href="results.cfm?query=genterm%3A%22Performance%22 ...">
Performance</a>

<blockquote class="description">In developing High-Performance Computing (HPC) software, time to solution is an important metric. This metric is comprised of two main components: the human effort required developing the software, plus the amount of machine time required to execute it. To date, little empirical work has been done to study the first component: the human effort required and the effects of approaches and practices that may be used to reduce it. In this paper, we describe a series of studies that address this problem. We instrumented the development process used in multiple HPC classroom environments. We analyzed data within and across such studies, varying factors such as the parallel programming model used and the application being developed, to understand their impact on the development process.
</blockquote>
</cite>
</nowiki></pre>

'''Note''' (From [[Discoleo]], Sept. 06)
* sometimes, the citation must include '''Town/Country''' and '''Precise Date/Date Range''', e.g.
** ''Gillespie SH, Dickens A.'' Variation in mutation rate of quinolone resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae [abstract P06-17A]. In: Abstracts of the 3rd International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Disease (Anchorage, 5-9 May 2002).Washington, DC: American Society of Microbiology, 2002.
** ''Bassetti, M.; Righi, E.; Rebesco, B.; Molinari, MP.; Costa, A.; Fasce, R.; Cruciani, M.; Bassetti, D.; Bobbio Pallavicini, F.'' 44th Annual Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (ICAAC). Washington, DC; 2004. Epidemiological trends in nosocomial candidemia in ICU: A five-year Italian perspective.
** ''Peacock JE, Wade JC, Lazarus HM, et al.'' Ciprofloxacin/piperacillin vs. tobramycin/piperacillin as empiric therapy for fever in neutropenic cancer patients, a randomized, double-blind trial [abstract 373]. In: Program and abstracts of the 37th Interscience Conference on Antimicrob Agents and Chemotherapy (Toronto). Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology, 1997.

==== Citing an external website ====

This is based on a formal citation of a website in the references section of a research paper, but could also be used for in-line links that had added information. Here's the original:

[25] David Stern, "eprint Moderator Model", http://www.library.yale.edu/scilib/modmodexplain.html (version dated Jan 25, 1999)

<pre><nowiki>
<cite class="hcite">
<a class="fn url" href="http://www.library.yale.edu/scilib/modmodexplain.html">eprint Moderator Model</a>

<a href="http://pantheon.yale.edu/~dstern/dsbio.html" class="url fn">David Stern</a>

<abbr class="dtpublished" title="19990125T0000-0500">
Jan 25, 1999
</abbr>
</cite>
</nowiki></pre>

=== Discussion of Straw Format elements ===

This section is to provide explanations for posterity about the elements of the straw format, linking to discussions on the list and elsewhere if possible.

==== 'hcite' as Root Element name ====

This discussion took place in January of 2007, with [http://microformats.org/discuss/mail/microformats-discuss/2007-January/008098.html voting occurring on the mailing list].

It was decided to use 'hcite' as the root element's class-name for uniqueness and to reflect a trend in using 'h' to start microformat names.

==== The URI Element ====

It was decided to use URI for both http links to available copies or URNs.
This encompasses URLs that link directly to online copies as well as through resolvers using URIs such as urn:isbn: 0521890012

See the discussion from [http://microformats.org/discuss/mail/microformats-discuss/2006-November/007390.html November] and [http://microformats.org/discuss/mail/microformats-discuss/2006-December/007403.html December].

==== Date Fields ====

Brian's original straw format had three date fields, "accessed", "copyrighted", and "published".
After examining the examples of usage on the web, it was clear that 'copyrighted' was not used in the examples we have.
It was used once, but without a corresponding 'published' field (OCLC WorldCat), and it seems in that case to be used as
an equivalent to 'published'.

I updated the straw citation to include only 'accessed' and 'published' on January 31. --[[User:Mike|Mike]] 00:26, 31 Jan 2007 (PST)

I've mentioned more than once that "date-published" is misleadingly specific; too much for real world citations. Consider that many books are published in the year preceding their copyright date, which is in fact the date used for citation. I'd prefer just "date" and "date-accessed" as a first cut. --[[User:BDarcus|Bruce]] 3 Feb 2007

See the discussion from the [http://microformats.org/discuss/mail/microformats-discuss/2007-January/008175.html 'dates' thread on the list].

== Old straw format discussion ==

Saved here so that I'm not just deleting people's comments.

=== Mike straw format suggestion (Deprecated) ===

In the interests of starting debate and having something concrete to fix, I suggest the following structure for a format. It is probably very incomplete and I claim no microformat expertise. I'm just trying to follow existing patterns. Comments and ridicule are both solicited. -Mike

'''NOTE:''' This format is here for historical reference. Because it was not based on existing examples, I've deprecated it and contributed examples to Brian's format. If you feel that any missing elements in here should be in the final format, find examples for them and contribute to Brian's schema. Thanks! --[[User:Mike|Mike]] 18:22, 12 Oct 2006 (PDT)

==== In General ====

The ''citation'' format is based on a set of fields common to many bibliographic data formats, which are often implied by standard citation display styles but not explicitly marked up in practice on the web.

==== Schema ====

The citation schema consists of the following:

* cite
** title: required, text (class = fn)
** subtitle: optional, text
** authors: optional, use hCard
** publication date: optional
** link(s) to instantiations, optional, url or use rel-enclosure? (class=url)
** UID, optional (for ISBN, DOI - use existing uid class) | permalink
** series (aka volume/issuenum) , optional (''not as sure how to handle these - suggestions?'')
** pages: startpage & endpage, optional, text
** venue, optional (hCard)
** publisher, optional (hCard)
** container: optional (nested hCite)
** abstract, optional (blockquote + class="abstract" ?)
** notes, optional (blockquote + class="notes" ?)
** keywords, optional (rel-tag)
** image, optional (for inclusion inline, unlike the url)
** copyright, optional (rel-license)
** ''what else am I missing?''
*** language, optional

''Looks good, but I question the use of hCard for names. Due to ambiguity issues, requring hCard would lead to extra markup in order to apply just a name, hence [http://microformats.org/discuss/mail/microformats-discuss/2006-March/003487.html the need for a root element]. We should extract the N optimization of hCard like we did with adr, in order to ease this problem.'' --[[User:RCanine|Ryan Cannon]]

Perhaps a Retrieved Date or Access Date would be appropriate for citing online resources. For example at http://www.crlt.umich.edu/publinks/facment_biblio.html
you see citations like this<nowiki>:</nowiki>
<blockquote>
Chief Academic Officers of the Big 12 Universities (2000). Big 12 Faculty Fellowship Program. Retrieved December 20, 2000 from the World Wide Web: http://www.k-state.edu/provost/academic/big12/big12guide.htm.
</blockquote>
--[[User:JoeAndrieu|Joe Andrieu]]

==== Discussion about citing legal cases ====

Here's some info I found about citing law:

I'm not a lawyer, so I'm relying on the published [http://www.legalbluebook.com "blue book" standard], at least the only part of it I can get without paying $25. I'd be happy to hear improvements from experts in the field - how do lawyers mark up references to case law in HTML now?

From groklaw.net and eff.org, I find mostly just links to PDFs with the name of the case as the link text. Or just this, from EFF:
<pre><nowiki>
<h1>The Betamax Case</h1>
<h2>Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, 464 U.S. 417 (1984)</h2>
</nowiki></pre>

From an example at the sample bluepages: http://www.legalbluebook.com/pdfs/bluepages.pdf
5 basic components:
*1 name of the case (citation title)
*2 published source in which case may be found (citation containing publication?)
*3 a parenthetical indicating the court and year of decision (citation venue?)
*4 other parenthetical information, if any (citation notes?)
*5 subsequent history of the case, if any (citation notes?)

Here's two examples from the bluebook. Note that there are very strict rules about abbreviations in that source!

Holland v. Donnelly, 216 F. Supp. 2d 227, 230 (S.D.N.Y. 2002), aff'd, 324 F.3d 99 (2d Cir. 2003).

Green v. Georgia, 442 U.S. 95, 97 (1979) (per curiam) (holding that exclusion of relevant evidence at sentencing hearing constitutes denial of due process).

== discussions ==
* [[citation-irc-notes-2006-04-09]]

citation-formats

2006-06-18T16:13:05Z

BDarcus: /* You should know */

= Citation Formats =

This page will display several different types of citation format types. The idea is to compare what properties are common amonst all of the formats and which ones should be blended into this microformat.

See also:
* [[citation]]
* [[citation-brainstorming]]
* [[citation-examples]]
* [[citation-faq]]

== Comparison chart ==
The following chart maps the terms from one implementation to another. This is important because if all the properties are introduced to this microformats, then its possible to map them to a number of different formats. The table currently only uses Dublin Core, MODS, and bibTeX. Each column has all the properties and their equivalent in each format. If there is no corresponding property the cell is grey. At the bottom of the list are the unique terms to each format. Dublin core has basic terms and terms that extend the basic ones. If the property is an extention of a basic term it is in ()'s. MODS uses XML, so any sub-properties are listed in their tree form, property/sub-property.

THIS IS NOT DEFINIATIVE, any errors should be corrected. More formats will be added to the list as they are mapped.

<table border="1">
<tr>
<th>Dublin Core</th>
<th>MODS</th>
<th>bibTeX</th>
<th>Z39.80</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Title (alternative)</td>
<td>titleInfo/title titleInfo/PartNum</td>
<td>booktitle title chapter number pages volume series</td>
<td>Analytic Title 
Collective or Series Title 
Monographic Title 
Work Fraction Title 
Location of Conference 
Main Entry 
Name of Conference 
Number of Meeting 
Other Title 
Parallel Title 
Title Abbriviation 
Title of Conference Proceedings 
Translated Title 
Uniform Title 
Abbriviated Translated Title 
Symposium or Session Title 
Collective or Series Edition 
Video/Film Edition 
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>creator</td>
<td>name/namePart</td>
<td>author creator</td>
<td>Author, Primary 
Corporate Author, Primary 
Abstract Author 
Authorship Statement 
Acknowledged Supporters 
Assignee for Patents 
Chairperson of Conference 
Director of AV Program 
Other Author 
Reviewed Book Author 
Studio 
Sponsor of Conference 
Staff/Cast 
Symposium Chairperson 
Author Address or Affiliation 
Author Country 
Electronic Address of Author 
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>subject</td>
<td>subject/topic</td>
<td>keywords</td>
<td>needs mapping</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Description (abstract | tableOfContents)</td>
<td>abstract note tableOfContents</td>
<td>abstract annotation note contents</td>
<td>needs mapping</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Contributor</td>
<td>name</td>
<td>editor?</td>
<td>Book/Report/Volume Editor 
Producer 
Translator 
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Date (available | created | dateAccepted | dateCopyrighted | dateSubmitted | issued | modified | valid)</td>
<td>originInfo/dateIssued originInfo/dateCreated originInfo/dateCaptured originInfo/dateOther</td>
<td>month year</td>
<td>Copyright Year Date-generic Date of conference Date of Publication Date of Update/Revisou/Issuance of Database Record Former Date Entry date for Database Record Database Update Year of Publication</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Type</td>
<td>typeOfResource genre</td>
<td>@class type</td>
<td>needs mapping</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Format (extent | medium)</td>
<td>physicalDescription/internetMediaType physicalDescription/extent physicalDescription/form</td>
<td>howpublished</td>
<td>needs mapping</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>identifier (bibliographicCitation)</td>
<td>identifier</td>
<td>ISBN ISSN LCCN URL</td>
<td>ISBN Identifier Report Identfier ISSN</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Source</td>
<td>relatedItem</td>
<td bgcolor="#cccccc"></td>
<td>needs mapping</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>language</td>
<td>language</td>
<td>language</td>
<td bgcolor="#cccccc"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Relation (...)</td>
<td>relatedItem/...</td>
<td>crossRef</td>
<td>needs mapping</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Coverage (spacial | temporal)</td>
<td>subject/temporal subject/geographic subject/hierarchicalGeographic subject/cartographics</td>
<td></td>
<td>needs mapping</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#cccccc"></td>
<td>classifications</td>
<td bgcolor="#cccccc"></td>
<td>needs mapping</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Rights (accessRights | license)</td>
<td>accessConditions</td>
<td>copyright</td>
<td>needs mapping</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>publisher</td>
<td bgcolor="#cccccc"></td>
<td>publisher</td>
<td>Publisher Name 
Place of Publication 
Country of Publication 
Generic Address 
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>audience (educationLevel | mediator)</td>
<td>targetAudience</td>
<td bgcolor="#cccccc"></td>
<td>needs mapping</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#999999">accualMethod accualPeriodicaty accualPolicy instrcutionalMethod provenance rightsHolder</td>
<td bgcolor="#999999">location extension recordInfo</td>
<td bgcolor="#999999">address afflilication location edition institution journal key mrnumber organization price school size</td>
<td bgcolor="#999999">(the following need to be mapped to the above rows or left here as other) 
Database Source 
Databse Record Identifier 
Database Producer Name 
Rights Management 
Subfile 
Other Source Identifier 
Vendor Record Identifier 
Database Vendor Name 
Column Number 
Edition 
Frequency of Publication 
Internet Location for Document 
Supplement/Part/Special number identifer 
Issue Identifier 
Location in Work 
Number of the Chapter 
Number in Series 
Volume Identifier 
Section Indentifier 
</td>
</tr>
</table>

== Dublin Core Metadata ==
[http://dublincore.org/ Dublin Core] metadata uses a small vocabulary to descibe the data.
* contributor
* coverage
* creator
* date
* description
* format
* identifier
* language
* publisher
* relation
* rights
* source
* subject
* title
* type

From those there are specialised types where are just refinments of the previous, for example:

* abstract refines description.
* accessRights refines rights

[http://dublincore.org/documents/dc-citation-guidelines/ Guidelines for Encoding Bibliographic Citation Information in Dublin Core Metadata]

== MODS (Metadata Object Description Schema) ==
This is a format developed for the Libray of Congress for a bibliographic element set that may be used for a variety of purposes, and particularly for library applications.

[http://www.loc.gov/standards/mods/ http://www.loc.gov/standards/mods/]

(the schema is very big, once i devote the proper time to review it, i will post more about the structure -brian)

== NLM Journal Publishing DTD ==

[http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/tag-library/2.1/n-fv30.html http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/tag-library/2.1/n-fv30.html]

The [http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/tag-library/ NLM Journal Publishing DTD] defines the schema used for publishing journal articles as XML. The <pre><citation></pre> element can be placed with paragraphs or within a <pre><ref-list></pre> element at the end of the article.

"Although the DTD does not enforce it, a citation to a journal article should be tagged with as many as possible of the following, so that PubMed Central, CrossRef, or other matching service can make the citation into a live link:

<table border="1">
<tr><td>source</td><td>The title of a journal, book, conference proceedings, etc. that is the source of the cited material. (Note: In PubMed Central processing, this is typically the MEDLINE abbreviation of the journal name.)</td></tr>
<tr><td>article-title</td><td>Title of the article</td></tr>
<tr><td>volume</td><td>Volume of the journal</td></tr>
<tr><td>issue</td><td>Issue of the journal</td></tr>
<tr><td>fpage</td><td>Page number on which the article starts</td></tr>
<tr><td>name</td><td>Name of an author or editor</td></tr>
<tr><td>year</td><td>Year of publication</td></tr>
<tr><td>month</td><td>Month of publication (if present)</td></tr>
<tr><td>day</td><td>Date of publication (if present)</td></tr>
</table>

The other elements (described [http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/tag-library/2.1/n-fv30.html here]) may be tagged if desired. Use the <source> element for titles of books, conference proceedings, etc."

== XMLResume ==
<pre>
<!ELEMENT pubs (pub+)>
<!ENTITY % pubElements "(artTitle|bookTitle|author|date|pubDate|publisher|pageNums|url)">
<!ELEMENT pub (para | %pubElements;)*>
<!ATTLIST pub id ID #IMPLIED>
<!ELEMENT artTitle (#PCDATA | link)*>
<!ELEMENT bookTitle (#PCDATA | link)*>
<!ELEMENT author (#PCDATA)>
<!ATTLIST author name IDREF #IMPLIED>
<!ELEMENT pubDate (month?, year)> 
<!ELEMENT publisher (#PCDATA | link | url)*>
<!ELEMENT pageNums (#PCDATA)>
</pre>

* author
* publication date
* publisher
* pages
* title (article/book)
* url

== BibTeX ==
=== Fields Used by Bibtex ===

<table border="1" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>abstract:</td>
<td>An abstract of the work.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>address:</td>
<td>Publisher's address. For major publishing houses,
just the city is given. For small publishers, you can help the reader by giving the complete address.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>affiliation:</td>
<td>The author's affiliation.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>annote:</td>
<td>An annotation. It is not used by he standard bibliography styles, but may be used by others that produce an annotated bibliography.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>author:</td>
<td>The name(s) of the author(s).</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>booktitle: </td>
<td>Title of a book, part of which is being cited. For book entries, use the title field instead.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>chapter:</td>
<td>A chapter (or section) number.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>contents:</td>
<td>A Table of Contents.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>copyright:</td>
<td>Copyright information.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>crossref:</td>
<td>The database key of the entry being cross-referenced.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>edition: </td>
<td>The edition of a book - for example
"Second". Notice that it is in capitals.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>editor: </td>
<td>Name(s) of editor(s). If there is also an author field, then the editor field gives the editor of the book or collection in which the reference appears.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>howpublished:</td>
<td>How something strange has been published. The first word should be capitalized.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>institution:</td>
<td>The sponsoring institution of a technical report.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ISBN:</td>
<td>The International Standard Book Number.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ISSN:</td>
<td>The International Standard Serial Number. Used to
identify a journal.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>journal: </td>
<td>A journal name. Abbreviations are provided for many journals.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>key: </td>
<td>Used for alphabetizing and creating a label when the author and editor fields are missing. This field should not be confused with the key that appears at the beginning of the reference.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>keywords:</td>
<td>Key words used for searching or possibly for annotation.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>language:</td>
<td>The language the document is written in.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>LCCN:</td>
<td>The Library of Congress Call Number.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>location:</td>
<td>A location associated with the entry, such as the city in which a conference took place.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>month: </td>
<td>The month in which the work was published or, for an unpublished work, in which it was written.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>mrnumber:</td>
<td>The Mathematical Reviews number.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>note:</td>
<td>Any additional information that can help the reader. First word should be capitalized.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>number: </td>
<td>The number of a journal, magazine, technical report, or of a work in a series. An issue of a journal or magazine is usually identified by its volume and number; the organization that issues a technical report usually gives it a number; and sometimes books are given numbers in a named series.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>organization: </td>
<td>The organization that sponsors a conference or publishes a manual.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>pages:</td>
<td>One or more page numbers or ranges of number, such as 37--42, or 7,53,82--94.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>price:</td>
<td>The price of the material.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>publisher:</td>
<td>The publisher's name.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>school:</td>
<td>The name of the school where a thesis was written.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>series:</td>
<td>Then name given a series or set of books. When citing an entire book, the title field gives its title and the optional series field gives the name of a series in which the book was published.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>size:</td>
<td>The physical dimensions of the work.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>title:</td>
<td>The work's title.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>type:</td>
<td>The type of technical report - for example,
"Research Note".</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>url:</td>
<td>The WWW Universal Resource Locator that points to the item being referenced. Often used for technical reports to point to the FTP site where it resides.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>volume:</td>
<td>The volume of a journal or multivolume book.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>year:</td>
<td>The year of publication or, for an unpublished work, the year it was written. It should only consist of numerals, such as 1976.</td>
</tr>
</table>

=== BibTeX citation Types ===
A reference can be to any of a variety of types. Following is a list of types. Each one also explains the fields associated with that type. Any fields not listed as required or optional are considered to be ignored.
<table border="1" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>article:</td>
<td>An article from a journal or magazine. Required fields: author, title, journal, year. Optional fields: volume, number, pages, month, note, key.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>book:</td>
<td>A book with an explicit publisher. Required fields: author or editor, title, publisher, year. Optional fields: volume, series, address, edition, month, note, key.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>booklet: </td>
<td>A work that is printed and bound, but without a named publisher or sponsoring institution. Required fields: title. Optional fields: author, howpublished, address, month, year, note, key.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>collection:</td>
<td>A collection of works. Same as Proceedings.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>conference:</td>
<td>The same as Inproceedings.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>inbook:</td>
<td>A part of a book, which may be a chapter and/or arange of pages. Required fields: author or editor, title, chapter and/or pages, publisher, year. Optional fields: volumer, series, address, edition, month, note, key.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>incollection:</td>
<td>A part of a book with its own title. Required fields: author, title, booktitle, publisher, year. Optional fields: editor, pages, organization, publisher, address, month, note, key.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>inproceedings:</td>
<td>An article in a conference proceedings. Required fields: author, title, booktitle, year. Optional fields: editor, pages, organization, publisher, address, month, note, key.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>manual: </td>
<td>Technical documentation. Required fields: title. Optional fields: author, organization, address, edition, month, year, note.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>mastersthesis:</td>
<td>A Master's thesis. Required fields: author, title, school, year. Optional fields: address, month, note, key.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>misc:</td>
<td>Use this type when nothing else fits. Required fields: none. Optional fields: author, title, howpublished, month, year, note, key.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>patent:</td>
<td>A patent.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>phdthesis:</td>
<td>A Ph.D. thesis. Required fields: author, title, school, year. Optional fields: address, month, note, key.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>proceedings:</td>
<td>The proceedings of a conference. Required fields: title, year. Optional fields: editor, publisher, organization, address, month, note, key.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>techreport:</td>
<td>A report published by a school or other institution, usually numbered within a series. Required fields: author, title, institution, year. Optional fields: type, number, address, month, note, key.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>unpublished:</td>
<td>A document with an author and title, but not formally published. Required fields: author, title, note. Optional fields: month, year, key.</td>
</tr>
</table>

==== Examples ====
<pre><nowiki>
@book{kn:gnus,

AUTHOR = "Donald E. Knudson",
TITLE = "1966 World Gnus Almanac",
PUBLISHER = {Permafrost Press},
ADDRESS = {Novosibirsk} }

<div class="book" id="kn:gnus">
<div class="author">Donald E. Knudson</div>
<div class="title">1966 World Gnus Almanac</div>
<div class="publisher">Permafrost Press</div>
<div class="address">Novosibirsk</div>
</div>

@article{XAi_HSCheng_1994a,

author = "X. Ai and H. S. Cheng",
title = "Influence of moving dent on point {EHL} contacts",
journal = "Tribol. Trans.",
volume = "37",
year = "1994",
pages = "323--335",
}

<div class="article" id="XAi_HSCheng_1994a">
<div class="author">X. Ai and H. S. Cheng</div>
<div class="title">Influence of moving dent on point {EHL} contacts</div>
<div class="journal">Tribol. Trans.</div>
<div class="volume">37</div>
<div class="year">1994</div>
<div class="pages">323--335</div>
</div>
</nowiki></pre>

== RIS ==

RIS is similar to BibTeX and is handled by most desktop and web-based bibliography management software.

The specification and field types/tags are described at [http://www.refman.com/support/risformat_intro.asp http://www.refman.com/support/risformat_intro.asp]

In particular, see [http://www.refman.com/support/risformat_reftypes.asp the list of different reference types].

A sample item in RIS format:
<pre>
TY - JOUR
A1 - Baldwin,S.A.
A1 - Fugaccia,I.
A1 - Brown,D.R.
A1 - Brown,L.V.
A1 - Scheff,S.W.
T1 - Blood-brain barrier breach following
cortical contusion in the rat
JO - J.Neurosurg.
Y1 - 1996
VL - 85
SP - 476
EP - 481
RP - Not In File
KW - cortical contusion
KW - blood-brain barrier
KW - horseradish peroxidase
KW - head trauma
KW - hippocampus
KW - rat
ER -
</pre>

[http://www-static.cc.gatech.edu/classes/RWL/Projects/citation/Applet/OnlineHelp/refer_doc.html Refer] is a similar, smaller bibliographic format.

* author
* title
* type
* Identifier
* notes/abstract
* reprint status
* keyword
* volume
* issue
* pages
* year
* periodical name (where published)
* publisher
** publisher city
** publisher address
* related links
* link to PDF
* availablity

== OpenURL ==

OpenURL aka [http://www.niso.org/standards/standard_detail.cfm?std_id=783 Z39.88] defines a standard way of bundling citation data in a URL. It is widely deployed in academic libraries around the world to provide access to licensed content via link resolvers such as [http://www.exlibrisgroup.com/sfx_openurl.htm SFX]. The Context Object in Span ([http://ocoins.info/ COinS]) community standard represents one way to embed OpenURLs in XHTML without including a resolver target. OpenURL also provides an XML encoding.

Example (from a book review written using the Structured Blogging plugin):

<pre><nowiki>
ISBN: 
0679426612
</nowiki></pre>

Another example, a journal this time:
<pre>
<nowiki>

</nowiki>
</pre>

As you can see this isn't very much like semantic XHTML at all. However significant work has gone into defining the set of Key/Encoded Values (KEVs) that can be used in various [http://alcme.oclc.org/openurl/servlet/OAIHandler?verb=ListRecords&metadataPrefix=oai_dc&set=Core:Metadata+Formats types] of citations: [http://www.openurl.info/registry/docs/mtx/info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:book book], [http://www.openurl.info/registry/docs/mtx/info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation dissertation], [http://www.openurl.info/registry/docs/mtx/info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal journal], [http://www.openurl.info/registry/docs/mtx/info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:patent patent]. It would be possible to simply provide a standard XHTML bundling for these keys as a microformat.

=== Example ===

<pre>
<nowiki>

<div class="openurl-journal">
Berners-Lee,
Tim</a>; Hendler, James; Lassila, Ora.
"The Semantic Web".
Scientific American
284(5), pp.
pp. 34-43.
0036-8733
</div>

</nowiki>
</pre>

Using OpenURL in this way would enable third party applications that could, say grab citation metadata from a blog, and without much work fire it off at your university's or public libraries openurl resolver to see if the article is available via a licensed databases. The benefits [http://www.infotoday.com/newsbreaks/nb050801-1.shtml have] [http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue43/chudnov/ been] [http://www.wallandbinkley.com/quaedam/?p=30 noted] [http://hublog.hubmed.org/archives/001163.html elsewhere].

== The OpenURL Briefly Explained ==

An OpenURL consists of two independent parts: the ContextObject (or the bibliographic metadata surrounding a citation) and the location of resolver to parse the metadata and present contextual services based on said metadata. The problem is that the term "OpenURL" is also used as a catch-all for all of the independent parts and how they work. This is mainly because it's a catchier term than "Z39.88", which is the [http://www.niso.org/standards/standard_detail.cfm?std_id=783 NISO standard all this is based upon].

The most common representation of the OpenURL ContextObject is seen as arguments in a URL string (which is referred to as "San Antonio Profile 1" -- more commonly SAP1 -- and is represented in Key Encoded Values -- KEVs). This "representation" is independent of the ContextObject (from here on known as CO) itself and is only intended to permit the CO to be transmitted via an HTTP GET request.

There is also SAP2, which is an XML representation of the CO (see: [http://alcme.oclc.org/openurl/servlet/OAIHandler?verb=GetRecord&metadataPrefix=oai_dc&identifier=info:ofi/fmt:xml:xsd:ctx here] for more information) and is a much more human readable format. This still falls outside the scope of microformats, but makes the point that encoding has nothing to do with the CO itself. They are just agreed upon means of conveying the CO to enable machines act upon them consistently.

The ContextObject could be conveyed just as easily in XHTML using attributes, as long as the terms follow the vocabulary defined in the OpenURL framework. The important thing to focus on here is the ContextObject -- the address of the link resolver ''is'' institution-specific and should be handled by a user's (or machine's) activating agent.

However, the link resolver is still a very important component to this whole process. Getting users "appropriate copy" is a very real (and very difficult) problem that libraries are trying to solve. Link resolvers are a pretty efficient means of overcoming this hurdle, so it would make sense to mark up bibiographic citations in a way that link resolvers can easily parse.

== Z39.80 ==
I'm not sure the best place for a guide to Z39.80 so please add links as you see fit:

[http://www.niso.org/standards/resources/drft4rev.html http://www.niso.org/standards/resources/drft4rev.html]

== DocBook ==

A subset of the DocBook vocabulary is dedicated to representing a bibliography: http://www.docbook.org/tdg/en/html/bibliography.html

<pre><nowiki>
<!DOCTYPE bibliography PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.1.2//EN"
"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.1.2/docbookx.dtd">
<bibliography>
<title>Languages and Semantics</title>
<bibliodiv>
<title>Books</title>
<biblioentry>
<title>Course in General Linguistics</title>
<abbrev>deSaussure59</abbrev>
<author><firstname>Ferdinand</firstname><surname>de Saussure</surname></author>
<editor><firstname>Charles</firstname><surname>Bally</surname></editor>
<editor><firstname>Albert</firstname><surname>Sechehaye</surname></editor>
<othercredit role="translator"><firstname>Wade</firstname><surname>Baskin</surname></othercredit>
<copyright>
<year>1959</year>
<holder>The Philosophical Library Inc.</holder>
</copyright>
<isbn>07-016524-6</isbn>
<publisher>
<publishername>McGraw-Hill Book Company</publishername>
</publisher>
</biblioentry>
</bibliodiv>
</bibliography>
</nowiki></pre>

* publisher
* copyright
* identifier (ISBN)
* title
* author/editor/other credit/
* type (book)

== Ann Arbor District Library XML feed ==

Here's a record in XML format from their project to simplify
access to the catalog. More discussion on [http://www.blyberg.net John Blyberg's blog].

<pre>
<nowiki>
<p:Record>
<callnum>823 Bu</callnum>
<author>Burkart, Gina, 1971-</author>
<fulltitle>A parent's guide to Harry Potter / Gina Burkart</fulltitle>
<title>A parent's guide to Harry Potter </title>
<pubinfo>Downers Grove, Ill. : InterVarsity Press, c2005</pubinfo>
<desc>112 p</desc>
<bibliography>Includes bibliographical references</bibliography>
<contents>
The Harry hype -- More than a story -- The modern fairy tale -- Discussing fantasy with children --
Morals, not magic -- The real issues in Harry Potter -- Dealing with traumatic experiences -- Facing
fears -- Battling bullies -- Delving into diversity -- Hiding hurts -- Letting go of anger -- Getting
help -- Choosing good over evil -- The power of love -- Facing spiritual battles
</contents>
<isbn>0830832882</isbn>
<price>$11.00</price>
<lang>eng</lang>
<copies>0</copies>
<catdate>08-16-2005</catdate>
<mattype>a</mattype>
<avail>No copies available</avail>
<recordlink xlink:href="http://www.aadl.org/cat/seek/record=1249810"/>
</p:Record>
</nowiki>
</pre>

* url
* availablity
* identifier (ISBN/call number)
* author
* title
* publisher
* pages
* description/contents

== SimpleDC supported by the zoom toolkit ==

<pre>
<nowiki>
<dc xmlns="http/www.loc.gov/zing/srw/dcschema/v1.0/">
<title>Kantor Salomon Sulzer und seine Zeit : eine Dokumentation /</title>
<creator>Avenary, Hanoch.</creator>
<creator>Pass, Walter.</creator>
<creator>Vielmetti, Nikolaus.</creator>
<creator>Adler, Israel, (1925-)</creator>
<subject>Sulzer, Salomon, -- 1804-1890.</subject>
<subject>Jewish composers -- Austria -- Biography.</subject>
<subject>Cantors, Jewish -- Biography.</subject>
<date>1985</date>
<publisher>Sigmaringen : Jan Thorbecke Verlag</publisher>
<identifier>3799540636</identifier>
<description>300 p., [12] p. of plates : ill., music, ports. ; 24 cm.</description>
</dc>
</nowiki>
</pre>

this is the output of marc.toSimpleDC()

* title
* creator (author)
* subjects
* date
* publisher
* identifier
* description

(NOTE: this schema is from the example, not the source schema)

== SRU from the Library of Congress ==

http://z3950.loc.gov:7090/voyager?version=1.1&operation=searchRetrieve&query=dinosaur&maximumRecords=1&recordSchema=dc

<pre>
<nowiki>
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<zs:searchRetrieveResponse xmlns:zs="http://www.loc.gov/zing/srw/">
<zs:version>1.1</zs:version>
<zs:numberOfRecords>1701</zs:numberOfRecords>
<zs:records>
<zs:record>
<zs:recordSchema>info:srw/schema/1/dc-v1.1</zs:recordSchema>
<zs:recordPacking>xml</zs:recordPacking>
<zs:recordData>
<srw_dc:dc xmlns:srw_dc="info:srw/schema/1/dc-schema"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"
xsi:schemaLocation="info:srw/schema/1/dc-schema http://www.loc.gov/z3950/agency/zing/srw/dc-schema.xsd">
<title>3-D dinosaur adventure [computer file].</title>
<creator>Knowledge Adventure, Inc.</creator>
<type>software, multimedia</type>
<publisher>Glendale, CA : Knowledge Adventure,</publisher>

<date>c1995.</date>
<language>eng</language>
<description>Employs a dinosaur theme-park setting to introduce users to Triassic, Jurassic, and
Cretaceous periods. Features hypertext dinosaur encyclopedia covering 150 million years of
paleontology. Includes animated video simulations, three-dimensional dinosaur museum, narration,
games, activities, and color illustrations.</description>
<description>Ages 5 to 10.</description>
<description>System requirements for PC: 486SX/25MHz processor or higher; 8MB RAM; Windows 3.1,
3.11, or 95; SVGA 256-color graphics adapter; hard drive with 5MB free space; double-speed CD-ROM
drive; MPC-compatible sound card; mouse.</description>
<description>System requirements for Macintosh: 68040 or Power PC processor; 8MB RAM; System 7.0 or
higher; 256-color graphics capability; thirteen-inch color monitor or larger; hard drive with 4MB
free space; double-speed CD-ROM drive.</description>

<description>Ages 5 to 10.</description>
<description>Employs a dinosaur theme-park setting to introduce users to Triassic, Jurassic, and
Cretaceous periods. Features hypertext dinosaur encyclopedia covering 150 million years of paleontology.
Includes animated video simulations, three-dimensional dinosaur museum, narration, games, activities,
and color illustrations.</description>
<subject>Dinosaurs--Juvenile software.</subject>
<subject>Dinosaurs.</subject>
<identifier>URN:ISBN:1569972133</identifier>
</srw_dc:dc>
</zs:recordData>
<zs:recordPosition>1</zs:recordPosition>
</zs:record>
</zs:records>
</zs:searchRetrieveResponse>

</nowiki>
</pre>

NOTE: this is just Dublin Core data in a special LOC envelope

== University of Bath reference type ==
<pre>
<nowiki>
<reference>
<authors>
<author>
<forename>E</forename>
<forename>M</forename>
<surname>Phillips</surname>
</author>
<author>
<forename>D</forename>
<forename>S</forename>
<surname>Pugh</surname>
</author>
</authors>
<date>1994</date>
<entity>
<book title="How to get a PhD: A handbook for students and their supervisors">
<location>
<placeofpublication>Buckinghamshire</placeofpublication>
<publisher>Open University</publisher>
</location>
</book>
</entity>
</reference>

<reference>
<authors>
<author>
<forename>Michael</forename>
<surname>Fumento</surname>
</author>
</authors>
<date>1996</date>
<entity>
<website pagetitle="Radon's Real Threat is to the EPA"
uri="http://www.consumeralert.org/fumento/radon1.htm"/>
</entity>
<frdescription>an article by a prolific newspaper columnist in the USA -
quotes empirical scientific research showing no provable link between radon in homes and elevated
cases of lung cancer</frdescription>
</reference>
</nowiki>
</pre>
[http://www.bath.ac.uk/schemas/screenshots/referencetype.png Schema extract]

* author
* date
* url
* description
* type (book/journal/conference)
* title
* artile
* volume
* issue
* chapter
* pages
* publisher
** publisher data (address, city, ...)

== Implied Schema ==
This is the start of the short list of common properties across documented formats. Once this is finished, there will be a union of Implied schemas between EXAMPLES and IMPLEMENTATIONS and we will see what that looks like. (This currently only covers a few of the formats listed, some documented formats still need to be explored)

* creator (author, editor, translator, contributor) - this can be handled with hCard, but will need an additional property to refine what "creator" means
* publisher (this can also be handled with hCard)
* subject/topics/keywords/categories/genre (there is a rel="tag" microformat)
* Description (abstract, note, tableOfContents)
* typeOfResource/format

common location information
* volume
* issue
* page
* edition

Date Fields
* Date Published (some formats have YEAR/MONTH sperately)
* Date accessed (see [http://www.columbia.edu/cu/cup/cgos/basic.html here] for examples)

Again, I'll emphasize: "date published" is problematic. If one needs specificity, then better to have the following list of date classes: date (the generic), issued (braoder than published), copyright (often not the same as issuance date), accessed. -- bruce

Other fields
* Copyright/usage
* audience

* identifier (ISBN, ISSN, id, internal only, other)
* language (this can be handled by the xml:lang attribute native to HTML)

== Types and Roles ==
(Section is informative only as a place to capture various parts of publication citations.)

There are many different types of publications and this information should be captured in the citation. Possible types include:
* Novel/fiction (specify type -- literature, SF, romance, etc.?)
* Non-fiction
* Poem
* Play
* Magazine
* Reference (separate out encyclopedia, dictionary, almanac, etc.?)
* Journal
* Article within a journal
* Chapter within a book
* Dissertation
* Web Site
* Page within a web site
* Music Recording
* Video Recording
* Interview
* Physical object (Statue, Painting, etc.)
* ??

Question:
Certain works have specific types of citations, for example, the Bible--and, I assume, other religious works--have very specific citation formats with different relevant information (chapter/verse) than others, as do the works of Shakespeare. Should these be considered separate types/roles?

A: I think in terms of types, we should at least note the items (chapter, verse, etc). How they get dealt with is still way up in the air. - [[User:Tim White|Tim White]]

Likewise, there are several different roles associated with publications -- author, co-author, editor, translator, etc. Should these be captured under a master "role" or treated as individual elements?

A: Good question. I think there is an important distinction, but whether we follow a design pattern of "role-*" (or more likely "author-*) or some other pattern hasn't been discussed yet. - Tim

== Biblio RDF Class Schema ==
Regading the issue of types notes above, the [http://vocab.org/biblio/schema biblio schema] provides a comprehensive set of classes to describe citation metadata. It might prove useful as a guide for a micro-format. The primary classes are Agent, Reference, Collection, and Event. An "Article", then, would be a subclass of "Part", which in turn is a subclass of Reference. Likewise, a "Journal" is a subclass of a "Periodical," which in turn is a subclass of "Collection." An article would typically be linked to a journal through a dcterms:isPartOf relation.

== ISBN:// Protocol ==

[http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc3187.html RFC3187] defines an isbn protocol

Example:

URN:ISBN:0-395-36341-1

I'm not sure if any browser uses this data, but it might be have an application in citations describing registered materials with an ISBN

== You should know ==
* There are more then 1.300 citation ''styles'' in EndNote 9.
* Libraries have developed formats and rules for publications since more than 100 years. There are millions of records in library catalougues. You should '''at least''' be familiar with AACR and FRBR. There '''already are''' effords to create a new "microformat" called ''Resource Description and Access'' (RDA) [http://www.collectionscanada.ca/jsc/rdaprospectus.html]. Why don't you try to work with the professionals instead of amateurishly trying to reinvent the wheel and create yet another incompatible format? -- [[User:JakobVoss|JakobVoss]] 01:39, 5 Jun 2006 (PDT)
** I agree that the people involved in developing this microformat (including me) ought to be aware of these efforts (in particular FRBR), but I also think your argument is hopelessly naive and pretentious. The professionals you refer to are in fact library professionals, with their own bizarre traditios and unique information needs. Those are different than the professional scholars for whom citations are critical (me), or to the professional web developers who might want to implement these formats. What I do think is important is for us to understand the different design traditions, and their trade-offs, rather than to blindly create a microformat based on one of them -- Bruce (author of citeproc [http://xbiblio.sourceforge.net/citeproc] and csl [http://xbiblio.sourceforge.net/csl]).

citation-formats

2006-05-06T14:38:54Z

BDarcus: /* Implied Schema */

citation-brainstorming

2006-04-29T21:25:14Z

BDarcus: /* Example */

<h1> Citation Brainstroming </h1>

__TOC__

== Contributors ==

* ...
* ... (a bunch of good folks!)
* Tantek Çelik
* Tim White
* Michael McCracken

== See also ==
* [[citation]]
* [[citation-examples]]
* [[citation-formats]]
* [[citation-faq]]

== Use Cases ==

To focus the discussion, please add use cases below that will help show what problems the citation microformat will be solving.

I've included two, focusing on consuming information - I've assumed that use cases for generating microformatted content would just involve the desire to enable your content to be consumed better, but I'm interested to see if there's something I'm missing here -Mike

=== Acquiring reference information from the web ===

A user either finds an author's papers page, or is viewing the results of a search and would like to import the information about the displayed papers into their local reference database, for the purposes of cataloging things they've read, adding notes, and using the information to generate later citations, potentially in other forms, such as BibTeX or Docbook, for inclusion in a publication of their own.

Notes: In this case, it isn't important to the user what format the citation takes as displayed on the page where they find it. What *is* important is that it contains enough information to allow generation of the format they will ultimately re-publish it in. This implies that it may be worthwhile to err a little on the side of verbosity.

Also, links to downloadable full representations of the cited work are very important - e.g. a link to the PDF of a journal article, or to a music file.

=== Subscribing to reading lists, periodicals, etc ===

I would like to be able to leverage my news aggregator with hAtom to subscribe to a remote source for citation information, for example:

* a reading list for a seminar
* The publication list for a conference (e.g., subscribe to SIGGRAPH and see the updated conference proceedings every year)
* the issues of a journal
* a particular research group or researcher's publications
* Not just research: a popular author's publications (e.g., [http://www.gladwell.com/archive.html Malcolm Gladwell's Archive])

=== Aggregating reading lists and reviews ===

A citation microformat-specific aggregator could provide a decentralized version of [http://citeulike.org/ CiteULike]. Libraries, authors, research groups, and publishers could mark up their collections, while other people on weblogs or review sites could add tags and reviews.

At least, having a well-adopted microformat would make writing tools like CiteULike much better, since it relies in some cases on screen-scraping publisher web-sites.

== Original hBib Discussion ==

During the WWW2005 Developer's Day [[microformats]] track, Rohit Khare gave a [[presentations|presentation]] where he discussed the microformats [[process]], and then did a quick demonstration wherein a bunch of us got on a shared Subethaedit document, and brainstormed some thoughts on what an "hBib" bibliography citation microformat would look like. Rohit placed the [http://cnlabs.commerce.net/~rohit/hBib%20Discussion.html document on his Commercenet site].

* http://cnlabs.commerce.net/~rohit/hBib%20Discussion.html

''An attempt to summarize and inline the linked document follows. -Mike''

Two major goals were outlined by the group:

* Avoid re-keying references
* Adapt to new journal styles by changing CSS

The fundamental problem was discussed in terms of display - the ability to transform XHTML+hBib into the many journal-specific formats. For example, how to display "et.al" when all authors are present in the source, and how to re-order the elements if a style defines a set order of elements that conflicts with the ordering in the source. Using hCard for authors was agreed on, and the beginnings of an example were shown.

== XHTML Structure ==
With my exprience working X2V and hCa* has taught me what elememts are easy to find and which are not. Since the Citation microformat is very new it is possible to not make a lot of the same errors twice and to make things easier for extracting application to find and imply certain properties.

* There should be some sort of 'root node' that implies all child elements are for the Citation microformat.
* Since most people will have multiple Citation there should be away to represent each Citation object as a unqiue block independant of another. This is to keep the parse from finding 'author' and applying to all citations. Each citation should be in a container (class="???") that scoped from others.
* Perhaps class="hcite" with <code><cite></code> recommended as the root element. E.g. <code><cite class="hcite"></code>

== Citation vs. [[media-info]] ==

What distinguishes a cite from say [[media-info]] (e.g. [[media-info-examples]]) is that a cite is a reference to something explicitly external to the current piece of content or document, whereas [[media-info]] describes information about content embedded or inline in the current document.

== Semantic Meaning ==
One of the guiding priniciple of Microformats is to use the most semantically rich element to describe each node (Point 2 of Semantic XHTML Design Principles: Use the most accurately precise semantic XHTML building block for each object etc). Since we are dealing with HTML and citations, several elements are candidates to be used to enrich the semantic meaning. [http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/struct/text.html CITE, BLOCKQUOTE, Q, A], (are there more?)

The [[citation-brainstorming|Citation Brainstorming Page]] has a few development and ideas about how to give another person credit for a link. Some of the semantic ideas behind their choices of tags can be applied to a full bibliographic type reference. ''Does this sentence make sense only historically? -Mike''

== OCLC's WorldCat for titles ==
Question: what about using something like OCLC's [http://www.oclc.org/worldcat/open/isbnissnlinking/default.htm WorldCat] for linking titles? - Tim White

== This and That ==
After reading through alot of different citation encoding formats, i noticed that each format was being used in onw of two ways. It was either to describe the Current page (THIS.PAGE) or being used to encode references that point to external resources (THAT.PAGE)

The informatation being encoded was identical for both resources (author, date, name, etc) they just reference different things. For this microformat, i'm not sure if we want to try to solve both problems, or just one? The meta tags in the head element would be the ideal place for information about the THIS.PAGE, but that is not in following with the ideals of microformats where information is human-readable. The THAT.PAGE idea where a list of references is at the end of a document in the form of a bibliography is more inline with the ideals of a microformat where the data is human-readable. That doesn't mean that data about the current document shouldn't be human-readable, so some of the same properties used to reference extermal resources can be used for the current document (THIS.PAGE). To do this a different root item could be used and transforming applications could either extract the citation data about the current page, or information about this page's references.

This is open for discussion, but either way, i believe that the properties used to describe a page will be the same for both THIS and THAT. [http://suda.co.uk/ brian suda]

== More on This and That ==

Citation microformats are being explored as a possibility for citing genealogical information at [http://eatslikeahuman.blogspot.com Dan Lawyer's blog].

This is a case where frequently the citation would refer to (THIS.PAGE), but would have nested within it a reference to (THAT.PAGE), possibly a few levels deep. For instance, a web page might contain data extracted from a microfilm of a census. The citation would need to include information about the web page, information about the microfilm, and information about the census. Genealogical citations are expected to include the repository (where can this book or microfilm be found. Is this the same as ''venue''?). So, at each level the information should contain the repository of the referenced item. A nesting (recursive) mechanism for citation microformats would be useful in this case. Is this the function of the "container" element in the Straw Format?

== Date Formatting ==
Since microformats are all about re-use and the accepted way to encode Date-Time has been pretty much settled, then this is a good place to start when dealing with all the different date citation types.

These are all the different fields from various citation formats that are of temporal nature:
* Date (available | created | dateAccepted | dateCopyrighted | dateSubmitted | issued | modified | valid)
* originInfo/dateIssued
* originInfo/dateCreated
* originInfo/dateCaptured
* originInfo/dateOther
* month
* year
* Copyright Year
* Date - Generic
* Date of Confernce
* Date of Publication
* Date of update/revisou/issuance of database record
* Former Date
* Entry Date for Database Record
* Database Update
* Year of Publication

There are several common properties across several citation domains and will certainly be in the citation microformat, the unique instances will need further consideration, otherwise there could be no end to posiblities.

There are also several properties (year, month, Year of publication) that can be extracted from another source. Therefore, if you only encode a more specific property such as; Date of Publication, you can extract the 'year of publication' from that. Since the date-time format we are modeling after is the ISO date-time format, just the Year portion is an acceptable date. So if you ONLY know the year of publication, the you can form a valid 'Date of Publication' as a microformat (which inturn is a valid 'year of publication') - you milage may vary when it comes to importing into citation applications.

...

It seems to me that these can be collapsed to maybe one or two different date properties. As far as the specific human readable formatting of the date, that can be chosen per whatever the presentation style guide says, and the [[datetime-design-pattern]] used to simplify the markup. - Tantek

== Tags ==
Some of the citation formats has a place for 'keywords' or 'generic tags', etc. This might be a good place to re-use the [http://microformats.org/wiki/rel-tag RelTag microformat]. The downside would be that they are then forced to be links, which might be the correct way to mark-up these terms.

== MARC / MODS / Dublin Core ==

The MODS ([http://www.loc.gov/standards/marcxml/Sandburg/sandburgmods.xml example]) and Dublin Core ([http://www.loc.gov/standards/marcxml/Sandburg/sandburgdc.xml example]) transformations of MARC21 may contain some useful ideas.

Here's a first attempt at rewriting the linked examples in XHTML (written in response to a [http://microformats.org/discuss/mail/microformats-discuss/2005-December/002438.html mailing list query about encoding book information with microformats]):

<pre><nowiki>
<div class="book" lang="en">
<h3 class="fn">Arithmetic /</h3>
By Sandburg, Carl,
1878-1967,
and Rand, Ted
Publisher: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich,
San Diego
Published: 1993
A poem about numbers and their characteristics. Features
anamorphic, or distorted, drawings which can be restored to normal by viewing
from a particular angle or by viewing the image's reflection in the provided
Mylar cone.
One Mylar sheet included in pocket.
Subjects:
<ul>
<li class="subject">Arithmetic</li>
<li class="subject">Children's poetry, American.</li>
<li class="subject">Arithmetic</li>
<li class="subject">American poetry</li>
<li class="subject">Visual perception</li>
</ul>
</div>
</nowiki></pre>

== Basic Citation Stuctures ==
There are basic structures to any citation, this is an overview of some of the types
[http://www.users.muohio.edu/darcusb/misc/citations-spec.html http://www.users.muohio.edu/darcusb/misc/citations-spec.html]

== Brian's Straw format ==

=== implied schema (examples) ===
+ publisher
+ language
+ description
+ title
+ creator
+ volume
+ issue
+ page
+ edition
+ identifier
+ tags
+ format
+ date published
+ copyright
- audience

=== implied schema (formats) ===
+ publisher
+ language
+ description
+ title
+ creator
+ volume
+ pages
+ edition
+ issue
+ identifier
+ tags
+ format
+ date published
+ date copyrighted
- subtitle
- image
- excerpt
- index terms
- series title
- publication
- journal
- part (1 of X)

UNION of the two schemas
+ (PLUS) means common properties
- (MINUS) means unique to the schema

=== Example ===
<pre>
<nowiki>
<ul class="bibliography">
<li class="citation" xml:lang="en-gb">


<div class="publisher vcard">
ABC Publishing Co.
United Kingdom
...
</div>


<div class="creator vcard">
John Doe
...
</div>


Foobar!
World Class Book about foobar
1
1
1
1-10
article


12345678


foo
bar


Published <abbr class="dtpublished" title="20060101">January 1st 1006</abbr>
Copyright <abbr class="copyright" title="20060101">2006</abbr>
</li>
...
</ul>

Have you read <abbr title="book" class="format">Foo Bar</abbr>?
It was written by John Doe.
It only came out a <abbr class="dtpublished" title="20060101">few months ago</abbr>
</nowiki>
</pre>

Note: the "format" property above is incorrect. Format would refer more the physical characteristics of an item, rather than its type or genre (e.g. "article", "book", etc.). I'd rather have the main class for the li be "article" in this context, than the fairly meaningless "citation." Of course, one could have both, which would be fine too. -- bruce

== Mike straw format suggestion ==

In the interests of starting debate and having something concrete to fix, I suggest the following structure for a format. It is probably very incomplete and I claim no microformat expertise. I'm just trying to follow existing patterns. Comments and ridicule are both solicited. -Mike

=== In General ===

The ''citation'' format is based on a set of fields common to many bibliographic data formats, which are often implied by standard citation display styles but not explicitly marked up in practice on the web.

=== Schema ===

The citation schema consists of the following:

* cite
** title: required, text (class = fn)
** subtitle: optional, text
** authors: optional, use hCard
** publication date: optional
** link(s) to instantiations, optional, url or use rel-enclosure? (class=url)
** UID, optional (for ISBN, DOI - use existing uid class) | permalink
** series (aka volume/issuenum) , optional (''not as sure how to handle these - suggestions?'')
** pages: startpage & endpage, optional, text
** venue, optional (hCard)
** publisher, optional (hCard)
** container: optional (nested hCite)
** abstract, optional (blockquote + class="abstract" ?)
** notes, optional (blockquote + class="notes" ?)
** keywords, optional (rel-tag)
** image, optional (for inclusion inline, unlike the url)
** copyright, optional (rel-license)
** ''what else am I missing?''
*** language, optional

=== Examples ===

The following are translations into the ''citation'' format.

Note: some of these are just placeholders right now. Please feel free to fill them in!

==== Citing Private Communication ====
* published-date seems a weird fit, but it works...
private communication, Michael Jordan, May 2004

Needs a formatted example.

==== Citing Legal Cases ====
Needs an example. Here's some info I found about citing law:

I'm not a lawyer, so I'm relying on the published [http://www.legalbluebook.com "blue book" standard], at least the only part of it I can get without paying $25. I'd be happy to hear improvements from experts in the field - how do lawyers mark up references to case law in HTML now?

From groklaw.net and eff.org, I find mostly just links to PDFs with the name of the case as the link text. Or just this, from EFF:
<pre><nowiki>
<h1>The Betamax Case</h1>
<h2>Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, 464 U.S. 417 (1984)</h2>
</nowiki></pre>

From an example at the sample bluepages: http://www.legalbluebook.com/pdfs/bluepages.pdf
5 basic components:
*1 name of the case (citation title)
*2 published source in which case may be found (citation containing publication?)
*3 a parenthetical indicating the court and year of decision (citation venue?)
*4 other parenthetical information, if any (citation notes?)
*5 subsequent history of the case, if any (citation notes?)

Here's two examples from the bluebook. Note that there are very strict rules about abbreviations in that source!

Holland v. Donnelly, 216 F. Supp. 2d 227, 230 (S.D.N.Y. 2002), aff'd, 324 F.3d 99 (2d Cir. 2003).

Green v. Georgia, 442 U.S. 95, 97 (1979) (per curiam) (holding that exclusion of relevant evidence at sentencing hearing constitutes denial of due process).

==== Citing a Book ====

needs an example

==== Citing a journal article ====

needs an example

==== Citing a magazine article ====

needs an example

==== Citing a Patent ====

Patents are often just cited by number. Here's a citation that accomplishes the same thing with some extra information:

<pre><nowiki>
<cite class="citation">
<a class="fn url" href="http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=/netahtml/search-bool.html&r=3&f=G&l=50&co1=AND&d=ptxt&s1=tevanian&OS=tevanian&RS=tevanian">US Patent #6,704,928</a>
Richard Shann
<abbr class="dtpublished" title="20000828T0000-0500">August 28, 2000</abbr>
<blockquote class="abstract">
An executable program is prepared from a plurality of object code modules, at least one of the object code modules including section data specifying a plurality of code sequences each associated with relocation instructions identifying condition parameters. Only one of the code sequences is selected for inclusion in the executable program, determined by whether the condition for that parameter is satisfied. A linker for preparing the executable program includes a stack, a relocation module for reading the relocations, carrying out the relocation operations and selecting code sequences for inclusion in the executable program in dependence on values taken from the stack, a section data module for holding section data which is subject to the relocation operations, and a program forming module for preparing executable programs. Also disclosed is a method of assembling an object code module such that the assembled object code module includes the conditional code sequences.</blockquote>
</cite>
</nowiki></pre>

==== Citing a conference publication====

Based on the following reference, plus some more information from the ACM site and a little of my own input (the tags)

L. Hochstein, J. Carver, F. Shull, S. Asgari, V. Basili, J. K. Hollingsworth, and M. Zelkowitz, “Hpc programmer productivity: A case study of novice hpc programmers,” in Proceedings of ACM/IEEE Supercomputing Conference, 2005.

<pre><nowiki>
<cite class="citation">
Lorin Hochstein,
 Jeff Carver ,
 Forrest Shull ,
 Sima Asgari,
 Victor Basili,
 Jeffrey K. Hollingsworth, and
 Marv Zelkowitz,
<a class="fn url" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/SC.2005.53">HPC Programmer Productivity: A Case Study of Novice HPC Programmers</a>.
<cite class="container citation">
<a class="fn url" href="">Proceedings of ACM/IEEE Supercomputing Conference</a>
<abbr class="dtpublished" title="20051126T0000-0800">2005</abbr>
</cite>
page 35
<div class="publisher vcard">
IEEE Computer Society

<div class="adr">
Washington,
DC
</div>
</div>
<a class="url instantiation" href="http://portal.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=1105800&type=pdf&coll=portal&dl=ACM&CFID=68330711&CFTOKEN=39187329">PDF of full text from ACM</a>

DOI: <a class="url uid" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/SC.2005.53">10.1109/SC.2005.53</a>
Tags: <a href="http://citeulike.org/tag/productivity" rel="tag">productivity</a>, <a href="http://citeulike.org/tag/hpc" rel="tag">hpc</a>, <a href="http://citeulike.org/tag/performance" rel="tag">performance</a>
<blockquote class="abstract">In developing High-Performance Computing (HPC) software, time to solution is an important metric. This metric is comprised of two main components: the human effort required developing the software, plus the amount of machine time required to execute it. To date, little empirical work has been done to study the first component: the human effort required and the effects of approaches and practices that may be used to reduce it. In this paper, we describe a series of studies that address this problem. We instrumented the development process used in multiple HPC classroom environments. We analyzed data within and across such studies, varying factors such as the parallel programming model used and the application being developed, to understand their impact on the development process.
</blockquote>
</cite>
</nowiki></pre>

==== Citing an external website ====

This is based on a formal citation of a website in the references section of a research paper, but could also be used for in-line links that had added information. Here's the original:

[25] David Stern, "eprint Moderator Model", http://www.library.yale.edu/scilib/modmodexplain.html (version dated Jan 25, 1999)

<pre><nowiki>
<cite class="citation">
<a class="fn url" href="http://www.library.yale.edu/scilib/modmodexplain.html">eprint Moderator Model</a>

<a href="http://pantheon.yale.edu/~dstern/dsbio.html" class="url fn">David Stern</a>

<abbr class="dtpublished" title="19990125T0000-0500">
Jan 25, 1999
</abbr>
</cite>
</nowiki></pre>

== discussions ==

* [[citation-irc-notes-2006-04-09]]

citation-brainstorming

2006-04-29T21:24:34Z

BDarcus: comment on B

<h1> Citation Brainstroming </h1>

__TOC__

== Contributors ==

* ...
* ... (a bunch of good folks!)
* Tantek Çelik
* Tim White
* Michael McCracken

== See also ==
* [[citation]]
* [[citation-examples]]
* [[citation-formats]]
* [[citation-faq]]

== Use Cases ==

To focus the discussion, please add use cases below that will help show what problems the citation microformat will be solving.

I've included two, focusing on consuming information - I've assumed that use cases for generating microformatted content would just involve the desire to enable your content to be consumed better, but I'm interested to see if there's something I'm missing here -Mike

=== Acquiring reference information from the web ===

A user either finds an author's papers page, or is viewing the results of a search and would like to import the information about the displayed papers into their local reference database, for the purposes of cataloging things they've read, adding notes, and using the information to generate later citations, potentially in other forms, such as BibTeX or Docbook, for inclusion in a publication of their own.

Notes: In this case, it isn't important to the user what format the citation takes as displayed on the page where they find it. What *is* important is that it contains enough information to allow generation of the format they will ultimately re-publish it in. This implies that it may be worthwhile to err a little on the side of verbosity.

Also, links to downloadable full representations of the cited work are very important - e.g. a link to the PDF of a journal article, or to a music file.

=== Subscribing to reading lists, periodicals, etc ===

I would like to be able to leverage my news aggregator with hAtom to subscribe to a remote source for citation information, for example:

* a reading list for a seminar
* The publication list for a conference (e.g., subscribe to SIGGRAPH and see the updated conference proceedings every year)
* the issues of a journal
* a particular research group or researcher's publications
* Not just research: a popular author's publications (e.g., [http://www.gladwell.com/archive.html Malcolm Gladwell's Archive])

=== Aggregating reading lists and reviews ===

A citation microformat-specific aggregator could provide a decentralized version of [http://citeulike.org/ CiteULike]. Libraries, authors, research groups, and publishers could mark up their collections, while other people on weblogs or review sites could add tags and reviews.

At least, having a well-adopted microformat would make writing tools like CiteULike much better, since it relies in some cases on screen-scraping publisher web-sites.

== Original hBib Discussion ==

During the WWW2005 Developer's Day [[microformats]] track, Rohit Khare gave a [[presentations|presentation]] where he discussed the microformats [[process]], and then did a quick demonstration wherein a bunch of us got on a shared Subethaedit document, and brainstormed some thoughts on what an "hBib" bibliography citation microformat would look like. Rohit placed the [http://cnlabs.commerce.net/~rohit/hBib%20Discussion.html document on his Commercenet site].

* http://cnlabs.commerce.net/~rohit/hBib%20Discussion.html

''An attempt to summarize and inline the linked document follows. -Mike''

Two major goals were outlined by the group:

* Avoid re-keying references
* Adapt to new journal styles by changing CSS

The fundamental problem was discussed in terms of display - the ability to transform XHTML+hBib into the many journal-specific formats. For example, how to display "et.al" when all authors are present in the source, and how to re-order the elements if a style defines a set order of elements that conflicts with the ordering in the source. Using hCard for authors was agreed on, and the beginnings of an example were shown.

== XHTML Structure ==
With my exprience working X2V and hCa* has taught me what elememts are easy to find and which are not. Since the Citation microformat is very new it is possible to not make a lot of the same errors twice and to make things easier for extracting application to find and imply certain properties.

* There should be some sort of 'root node' that implies all child elements are for the Citation microformat.
* Since most people will have multiple Citation there should be away to represent each Citation object as a unqiue block independant of another. This is to keep the parse from finding 'author' and applying to all citations. Each citation should be in a container (class="???") that scoped from others.
* Perhaps class="hcite" with <code><cite></code> recommended as the root element. E.g. <code><cite class="hcite"></code>

== Citation vs. [[media-info]] ==

What distinguishes a cite from say [[media-info]] (e.g. [[media-info-examples]]) is that a cite is a reference to something explicitly external to the current piece of content or document, whereas [[media-info]] describes information about content embedded or inline in the current document.

== Semantic Meaning ==
One of the guiding priniciple of Microformats is to use the most semantically rich element to describe each node (Point 2 of Semantic XHTML Design Principles: Use the most accurately precise semantic XHTML building block for each object etc). Since we are dealing with HTML and citations, several elements are candidates to be used to enrich the semantic meaning. [http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/struct/text.html CITE, BLOCKQUOTE, Q, A], (are there more?)

The [[citation-brainstorming|Citation Brainstorming Page]] has a few development and ideas about how to give another person credit for a link. Some of the semantic ideas behind their choices of tags can be applied to a full bibliographic type reference. ''Does this sentence make sense only historically? -Mike''

== OCLC's WorldCat for titles ==
Question: what about using something like OCLC's [http://www.oclc.org/worldcat/open/isbnissnlinking/default.htm WorldCat] for linking titles? - Tim White

== This and That ==
After reading through alot of different citation encoding formats, i noticed that each format was being used in onw of two ways. It was either to describe the Current page (THIS.PAGE) or being used to encode references that point to external resources (THAT.PAGE)

The informatation being encoded was identical for both resources (author, date, name, etc) they just reference different things. For this microformat, i'm not sure if we want to try to solve both problems, or just one? The meta tags in the head element would be the ideal place for information about the THIS.PAGE, but that is not in following with the ideals of microformats where information is human-readable. The THAT.PAGE idea where a list of references is at the end of a document in the form of a bibliography is more inline with the ideals of a microformat where the data is human-readable. That doesn't mean that data about the current document shouldn't be human-readable, so some of the same properties used to reference extermal resources can be used for the current document (THIS.PAGE). To do this a different root item could be used and transforming applications could either extract the citation data about the current page, or information about this page's references.

This is open for discussion, but either way, i believe that the properties used to describe a page will be the same for both THIS and THAT. [http://suda.co.uk/ brian suda]

== More on This and That ==

Citation microformats are being explored as a possibility for citing genealogical information at [http://eatslikeahuman.blogspot.com Dan Lawyer's blog].

This is a case where frequently the citation would refer to (THIS.PAGE), but would have nested within it a reference to (THAT.PAGE), possibly a few levels deep. For instance, a web page might contain data extracted from a microfilm of a census. The citation would need to include information about the web page, information about the microfilm, and information about the census. Genealogical citations are expected to include the repository (where can this book or microfilm be found. Is this the same as ''venue''?). So, at each level the information should contain the repository of the referenced item. A nesting (recursive) mechanism for citation microformats would be useful in this case. Is this the function of the "container" element in the Straw Format?

== Date Formatting ==
Since microformats are all about re-use and the accepted way to encode Date-Time has been pretty much settled, then this is a good place to start when dealing with all the different date citation types.

These are all the different fields from various citation formats that are of temporal nature:
* Date (available | created | dateAccepted | dateCopyrighted | dateSubmitted | issued | modified | valid)
* originInfo/dateIssued
* originInfo/dateCreated
* originInfo/dateCaptured
* originInfo/dateOther
* month
* year
* Copyright Year
* Date - Generic
* Date of Confernce
* Date of Publication
* Date of update/revisou/issuance of database record
* Former Date
* Entry Date for Database Record
* Database Update
* Year of Publication

There are several common properties across several citation domains and will certainly be in the citation microformat, the unique instances will need further consideration, otherwise there could be no end to posiblities.

There are also several properties (year, month, Year of publication) that can be extracted from another source. Therefore, if you only encode a more specific property such as; Date of Publication, you can extract the 'year of publication' from that. Since the date-time format we are modeling after is the ISO date-time format, just the Year portion is an acceptable date. So if you ONLY know the year of publication, the you can form a valid 'Date of Publication' as a microformat (which inturn is a valid 'year of publication') - you milage may vary when it comes to importing into citation applications.

...

It seems to me that these can be collapsed to maybe one or two different date properties. As far as the specific human readable formatting of the date, that can be chosen per whatever the presentation style guide says, and the [[datetime-design-pattern]] used to simplify the markup. - Tantek

== Tags ==
Some of the citation formats has a place for 'keywords' or 'generic tags', etc. This might be a good place to re-use the [http://microformats.org/wiki/rel-tag RelTag microformat]. The downside would be that they are then forced to be links, which might be the correct way to mark-up these terms.

== MARC / MODS / Dublin Core ==

The MODS ([http://www.loc.gov/standards/marcxml/Sandburg/sandburgmods.xml example]) and Dublin Core ([http://www.loc.gov/standards/marcxml/Sandburg/sandburgdc.xml example]) transformations of MARC21 may contain some useful ideas.

Here's a first attempt at rewriting the linked examples in XHTML (written in response to a [http://microformats.org/discuss/mail/microformats-discuss/2005-December/002438.html mailing list query about encoding book information with microformats]):

<pre><nowiki>
<div class="book" lang="en">
<h3 class="fn">Arithmetic /</h3>
By Sandburg, Carl,
1878-1967,
and Rand, Ted
Publisher: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich,
San Diego
Published: 1993
A poem about numbers and their characteristics. Features
anamorphic, or distorted, drawings which can be restored to normal by viewing
from a particular angle or by viewing the image's reflection in the provided
Mylar cone.
One Mylar sheet included in pocket.
Subjects:
<ul>
<li class="subject">Arithmetic</li>
<li class="subject">Children's poetry, American.</li>
<li class="subject">Arithmetic</li>
<li class="subject">American poetry</li>
<li class="subject">Visual perception</li>
</ul>
</div>
</nowiki></pre>

== Basic Citation Stuctures ==
There are basic structures to any citation, this is an overview of some of the types
[http://www.users.muohio.edu/darcusb/misc/citations-spec.html http://www.users.muohio.edu/darcusb/misc/citations-spec.html]

== Brian's Straw format ==

=== implied schema (examples) ===
+ publisher
+ language
+ description
+ title
+ creator
+ volume
+ issue
+ page
+ edition
+ identifier
+ tags
+ format
+ date published
+ copyright
- audience

=== implied schema (formats) ===
+ publisher
+ language
+ description
+ title
+ creator
+ volume
+ pages
+ edition
+ issue
+ identifier
+ tags
+ format
+ date published
+ date copyrighted
- subtitle
- image
- excerpt
- index terms
- series title
- publication
- journal
- part (1 of X)

UNION of the two schemas
+ (PLUS) means common properties
- (MINUS) means unique to the schema

=== Example ===
<pre>
<nowiki>
<ul class="bibliography">
<li class="citation" xml:lang="en-gb">


<div class="publisher vcard">
ABC Publishing Co.
United Kingdom
...
</div>


<div class="creator vcard">
John Doe
...
</div>


Foobar!
World Class Book about foobar
1
1
1
1-10
article


12345678


foo
bar


Published <abbr class="dtpublished" title="20060101">January 1st 1006</abbr>
Copyright <abbr class="copyright" title="20060101">2006</abbr>
</li>
...
</ul>

Have you read <abbr title="book" class="format">Foo Bar</abbr>?
It was written by John Doe.
It only came out a <abbr class="dtpublished" title="20060101">few months ago</abbr>
</nowiki>
</pre>

Note: the "format" property above is incorrect. Format would refer more the physical characteristics of an item, rather than its type of genre (e.g. "article", "book", etc.). I'd rather have the main class for the li be article in this context, than the fairly meaningless "citation." Of course, one could have both, which would be fine too. -- bruce

== Mike straw format suggestion ==

In the interests of starting debate and having something concrete to fix, I suggest the following structure for a format. It is probably very incomplete and I claim no microformat expertise. I'm just trying to follow existing patterns. Comments and ridicule are both solicited. -Mike

=== In General ===

The ''citation'' format is based on a set of fields common to many bibliographic data formats, which are often implied by standard citation display styles but not explicitly marked up in practice on the web.

=== Schema ===

The citation schema consists of the following:

* cite
** title: required, text (class = fn)
** subtitle: optional, text
** authors: optional, use hCard
** publication date: optional
** link(s) to instantiations, optional, url or use rel-enclosure? (class=url)
** UID, optional (for ISBN, DOI - use existing uid class) | permalink
** series (aka volume/issuenum) , optional (''not as sure how to handle these - suggestions?'')
** pages: startpage & endpage, optional, text
** venue, optional (hCard)
** publisher, optional (hCard)
** container: optional (nested hCite)
** abstract, optional (blockquote + class="abstract" ?)
** notes, optional (blockquote + class="notes" ?)
** keywords, optional (rel-tag)
** image, optional (for inclusion inline, unlike the url)
** copyright, optional (rel-license)
** ''what else am I missing?''
*** language, optional

=== Examples ===

The following are translations into the ''citation'' format.

Note: some of these are just placeholders right now. Please feel free to fill them in!

==== Citing Private Communication ====
* published-date seems a weird fit, but it works...
private communication, Michael Jordan, May 2004

Needs a formatted example.

==== Citing Legal Cases ====
Needs an example. Here's some info I found about citing law:

I'm not a lawyer, so I'm relying on the published [http://www.legalbluebook.com "blue book" standard], at least the only part of it I can get without paying $25. I'd be happy to hear improvements from experts in the field - how do lawyers mark up references to case law in HTML now?

From groklaw.net and eff.org, I find mostly just links to PDFs with the name of the case as the link text. Or just this, from EFF:
<pre><nowiki>
<h1>The Betamax Case</h1>
<h2>Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, 464 U.S. 417 (1984)</h2>
</nowiki></pre>

From an example at the sample bluepages: http://www.legalbluebook.com/pdfs/bluepages.pdf
5 basic components:
*1 name of the case (citation title)
*2 published source in which case may be found (citation containing publication?)
*3 a parenthetical indicating the court and year of decision (citation venue?)
*4 other parenthetical information, if any (citation notes?)
*5 subsequent history of the case, if any (citation notes?)

Here's two examples from the bluebook. Note that there are very strict rules about abbreviations in that source!

Holland v. Donnelly, 216 F. Supp. 2d 227, 230 (S.D.N.Y. 2002), aff'd, 324 F.3d 99 (2d Cir. 2003).

Green v. Georgia, 442 U.S. 95, 97 (1979) (per curiam) (holding that exclusion of relevant evidence at sentencing hearing constitutes denial of due process).

==== Citing a Book ====

needs an example

==== Citing a journal article ====

needs an example

==== Citing a magazine article ====

needs an example

==== Citing a Patent ====

Patents are often just cited by number. Here's a citation that accomplishes the same thing with some extra information:

<pre><nowiki>
<cite class="citation">
<a class="fn url" href="http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=/netahtml/search-bool.html&r=3&f=G&l=50&co1=AND&d=ptxt&s1=tevanian&OS=tevanian&RS=tevanian">US Patent #6,704,928</a>
Richard Shann
<abbr class="dtpublished" title="20000828T0000-0500">August 28, 2000</abbr>
<blockquote class="abstract">
An executable program is prepared from a plurality of object code modules, at least one of the object code modules including section data specifying a plurality of code sequences each associated with relocation instructions identifying condition parameters. Only one of the code sequences is selected for inclusion in the executable program, determined by whether the condition for that parameter is satisfied. A linker for preparing the executable program includes a stack, a relocation module for reading the relocations, carrying out the relocation operations and selecting code sequences for inclusion in the executable program in dependence on values taken from the stack, a section data module for holding section data which is subject to the relocation operations, and a program forming module for preparing executable programs. Also disclosed is a method of assembling an object code module such that the assembled object code module includes the conditional code sequences.</blockquote>
</cite>
</nowiki></pre>

==== Citing a conference publication====

Based on the following reference, plus some more information from the ACM site and a little of my own input (the tags)

L. Hochstein, J. Carver, F. Shull, S. Asgari, V. Basili, J. K. Hollingsworth, and M. Zelkowitz, “Hpc programmer productivity: A case study of novice hpc programmers,” in Proceedings of ACM/IEEE Supercomputing Conference, 2005.

<pre><nowiki>
<cite class="citation">
Lorin Hochstein,
 Jeff Carver ,
 Forrest Shull ,
 Sima Asgari,
 Victor Basili,
 Jeffrey K. Hollingsworth, and
 Marv Zelkowitz,
<a class="fn url" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/SC.2005.53">HPC Programmer Productivity: A Case Study of Novice HPC Programmers</a>.
<cite class="container citation">
<a class="fn url" href="">Proceedings of ACM/IEEE Supercomputing Conference</a>
<abbr class="dtpublished" title="20051126T0000-0800">2005</abbr>
</cite>
page 35
<div class="publisher vcard">
IEEE Computer Society

<div class="adr">
Washington,
DC
</div>
</div>
<a class="url instantiation" href="http://portal.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=1105800&type=pdf&coll=portal&dl=ACM&CFID=68330711&CFTOKEN=39187329">PDF of full text from ACM</a>

DOI: <a class="url uid" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/SC.2005.53">10.1109/SC.2005.53</a>
Tags: <a href="http://citeulike.org/tag/productivity" rel="tag">productivity</a>, <a href="http://citeulike.org/tag/hpc" rel="tag">hpc</a>, <a href="http://citeulike.org/tag/performance" rel="tag">performance</a>
<blockquote class="abstract">In developing High-Performance Computing (HPC) software, time to solution is an important metric. This metric is comprised of two main components: the human effort required developing the software, plus the amount of machine time required to execute it. To date, little empirical work has been done to study the first component: the human effort required and the effects of approaches and practices that may be used to reduce it. In this paper, we describe a series of studies that address this problem. We instrumented the development process used in multiple HPC classroom environments. We analyzed data within and across such studies, varying factors such as the parallel programming model used and the application being developed, to understand their impact on the development process.
</blockquote>
</cite>
</nowiki></pre>

==== Citing an external website ====

This is based on a formal citation of a website in the references section of a research paper, but could also be used for in-line links that had added information. Here's the original:

[25] David Stern, "eprint Moderator Model", http://www.library.yale.edu/scilib/modmodexplain.html (version dated Jan 25, 1999)

<pre><nowiki>
<cite class="citation">
<a class="fn url" href="http://www.library.yale.edu/scilib/modmodexplain.html">eprint Moderator Model</a>

<a href="http://pantheon.yale.edu/~dstern/dsbio.html" class="url fn">David Stern</a>

<abbr class="dtpublished" title="19990125T0000-0500">
Jan 25, 1999
</abbr>
</cite>
</nowiki></pre>

== discussions ==

* [[citation-irc-notes-2006-04-09]]

citation-irc-notes-2006-04-09

2006-04-22T10:59:45Z

citation-examples

2006-04-11T13:46:43Z

BDarcus: /* Self-Citation Example */

citation-irc-notes-2006-04-09

2006-04-11T13:43:30Z

BDarcus: /* Summary */

== Summary ==

A citation microformat needs to cover four uses:

# full, bibliographic citations, eg "The Title Of An Article. Smith J. Journal Title (1987). 46:1; 23-35." This is the main citation microformat and should contain all the information necessary to locate the item and create a text citation in all the common formats (MLA, APA, etc).
# minimal, inline citations in text, eg (Smith, 1987). These generally link to an item in the bibliography using a fragment identifier.
# full, inline citations in text, eg following a blockquote.
# description of the current item/page, including title, creator, date etc.

* I disagree with this last requirement (description of the current item/page). A citation is IMHO a reference to a work *somewhere-else*. It is a reference to a work from *another* work. This is quite a different case than a work describing itself. For info about a work in the work itself, see for example [[blog-description-examples]]. -Tantek
** [http://rbach.priv.at/Microformats-IRC/2006-04-09#T192302 the SELF description was discussed] in the meet-up. The idea behind encoding all the attributes for the current page/item was to allow OTHERS to extract citation data from your page for their own use. Why should i re-key all the data about the article if i can simple convert the article to a citation itself! This should require no additional work or fields - their will be no properties unique to the SELF that are already not expressed in the base citation microformat. -[http://suda.co.uk/ brian]
*** I understand the desire to help automate this, but that means that it would be nice to have a transform from the self-description of a work, to a citation of the work. That transform doesn't necessarily have to be the identity transform, hence the last requirement shouldn't be a requirement. -Tantek
**** Your point that a citation is a reference to an outside source is right Tantek, but that doesn't mean that the description of self should be ANY different than that of an extraneous document, save for the fact that we call it a "citation." I think this may well have been why Ed bruoght up the idea of an hDC, where we end up thinking of hCite as more-or-less a sort of wrapper for other microformats (hCard, hCal, etc.). -Bruce
***** But we are not talking about "should be ANY different". We are talking about "should be SAME". My point is that it should NOT be a *requirement* for *citations* per se. The recognition that people will want to cite works is a good one, and thus when working on any "description" type format for a work describing itself, *that* work should look to the citation microformat and be sure to specify a transform, i.e. how to create a citation from a description. The easiest thing *might* be to simply embed a citation, but that is up to the description format, not up to the citation format, and thus should NOT be a requirement for the citation format. My guess is that most description formats will be a superset of what a general purpose citation has in it.
****** Consider the example of an article that contains within the page something along the lines of "Please cite this article as: The Title Of An Article. Smith J. Journal Title (1987). 46:1; 23-35.". That's both a citation and a description of the current page, and it should be marked up as such. --AlfEaton
******* Alf, that's a theoretical example, so we should not consider it as a requirement. If you can find 80/20 examples in the real world (published on the Web) that contain such a "suggested citation", please add those examples to [[citation-examples]].
******** Sigh, this is all sounding a bit patronizing Tantek (do you actually know who you're talking to? Alf, the guy who built and has ran hubmed for the past few years, and so deals with real world citations all the time?). It's not a "theoretical example"; just Google for the phrase "please cite this article." But I'll add an example or two to the examples page. -- bruce
* In addition, naming a document "-recommendation" at this point is quite premature, especially when there is much work to be done in both doing the work and cleaning up of [[citation-examples]], [[citation-formats]], and [[citation-brainstorming]]. If this is meant to be a record of notes or a summary of a discussion, then it should be a notes page, e.g. see for example [[geo-bof-2005-06-30]]. Thanks, -Tantek
** I will write-up the notes for the irc-meeting shortly and post them to the appropriate place. In the mean-time the general consenus was that we have closed on the exploration phase of the citation microformat. We have solid goals and are moving to implementation. Admittably the citation pages need some serious clean-up, but there is no need to halt progress in the development/itteration phase for those who are helping to move forward the format. -[http://suda.co.uk/ brian]
*** Considering any "exploration" "closed" regarding a microformat makes no sense at all when the work to complete the necessary pages per the [[process]] has yet to happen. I'm moving this page to a name more reflecting of its consideration within the process, just notes. -Tantek

== Current problems ==

* Bibliographies published in HTML generally just use plain text (a URL is often included), but are sometimes produced from fully marked-up data, which is lost.
* inline citations often link to bibliography items, but use named anchors rather than fragment identifiers.
* There are multiple ways of adding self-descriptive data to web pages, such as meta tags -- with or without Dublin Core -- or embedded RDF.
** meta tags are nearly useless since their content is invisible. -Tantek

== Straw Proposals ==
'''These straw thoughts/proposals should be on the [[citation-brainstorming]] page, not here, along with some citation (so to speak ;) of the proposer. -Tantek'''

=== Microformat for inline citations ===

<pre>
<cite>
<a href="#ref-1">1</a>
</cite>
</pre>

<pre>
<cite>
<a href="#ref-1">Smith, 2002</a>
</cite>
</pre>

=== Microformat for a generic bibliography citation ===
<pre>
<li class="citation" id="ref-1">

<a class="url" href="http://dx.doi.org/[DOI]">[item title]</a>



[surname],
<abbr title="[given-name]" class="given-name">[initial]</abbr>




[surname],
<abbr title="[given-name]" class="given-name">[initial]</abbr>


<abbr class="date-published" title="YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SS+ZZ:ZZ">[year]</abbr>
</li>
</pre>

Note: for an full inline citation, the <pre><li class="citation" id=""></li></pre> would be replaced by <pre><cite></cite></pre> and there would not be a link to a local fragment.

Note: for a self citation, the <pre><li class="citation" id=""></li></pre> would be replaced by <pre><span|div class="citation self"></span|div></pre>

=== Additional elements for a journal article citation ===
<pre>
class="citation article"


<a class="url" href="http://dx.doi.org/[doi]">[journal title]</a>

<abbr class="date-published" title="YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SS+ZZ:ZZ">[year]</abbr>
[volume no.]
[issue no.]
<abbr class="uri" title="urn:issn/[issn]"/>


[start-page]-[end-page]
<abbr class="uri" title="info:pmid/[PMID]"/>
</pre>

* I changed "number" to "issue". I also think that all of that content ought likely be moved out of the "container" wrapper into the root level. Finally, should not the container include another type class ("periodical" or "journal")? -- bruce
** I thought you wanted the model not to be flat, ie the container should have its own attributes? --alf
*** I am not referring to things like titles, but rather only to the locator information (volume, issue, pages), and this is primarily for practical reasons. Those in fact are not characteristics of the container (periodical), but rather of the relationship between the article and issue, and then the issue and the periodical. E.g. to model it "properly" would suggest three levels (root, container/issue, collection/periodical), each with their own respective locators. So I was just thinking for those reasons to in general say these locators ought to be associated with the root. What do you think? -- bruce
**** It might be useful to define which elements would appear at each level. If there are "universals" that would appear in any of kind of citation (although might have a different label/connotation based on context), what would they be? Title? Creator? What else? Then we can start figuring out the special elements for each "type" of citation. --ross
***** Titles is the obvious one that applies across the board: chapters, books, photographs, legal cases, court reporters, webpages, series, etc. all have titles. Likewise, they all have different kinds of contributors (including in many cases creators). But that's it I think. -- bruce

=== Additional elements for a book citation ===
<pre>
class="citation book"


<a class="url" href="http://dx.doi.org/[doi]">[book title]</a>

[book subtitle]
[publisher]
[editor]
<abbr class="date-published" title="YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SS+ZZ:ZZ">[year]</abbr>
<abbr class="uri" title="urn:isbn/[isbn]"/>


[start-page]-[end-page]
</pre>

BDarcus: this looks good. I wonder, though, about two issues.

1. why not just title and abbreviatedTitle instead of title and subtitle?

2. date-published with books in particular is a can of worms. My book, for example, has a copyright date of 2006 (which is what one would include in the citation) but an actual publication date sometime in late-2005. The specificity of date-published is thus misleading. What we're really talking about is a copyright date. I wonder if the above might not be better with two classes: date and copyright? So then these classes of dates: date, copyright, issued (more generic than published). That slso fits dc and qualified dc.
*This seems complicated (of course, it's ''all'' complicated) because there's an assumption that the citation creator will actually know which of these the date actually is. It seems like a generic date field that can be qualified with "published" or "copyright" or "actual year the conference happened", etc. would be more user-friendly.
** Ross, yes, that's what I had in mind (but didn't explain very well). A generic "date" class ought to work for most cases, but leave room to add further qualfiers if necessary. -- bruce

citation-examples

2006-04-11T13:43:13Z

BDarcus:

citation-irc-notes-2006-04-09

2006-04-10T21:02:08Z

BDarcus: /* Additional elements for a journal article citation */

== Summary ==

A citation microformat needs to cover four uses:

# full, bibliographic citations, eg "The Title Of An Article. Smith J. Journal Title (1987). 46:1; 23-35." This is the main citation microformat and should contain all the information necessary to locate the item and create a text citation in all the common formats (MLA, APA, etc).
# minimal, inline citations in text, eg (Smith, 1987). These generally link to an item in the bibliography using a fragment identifier.
# full, inline citations in text, eg following a blockquote.
# description of the current item/page, including title, creator, date etc.

* I disagree with this last requirement (description of the current item/page). A citation is IMHO a reference to a work *somewhere-else*. It is a reference to a work from *another* work. This is quite a different case than a work describing itself. For info about a work in the work itself, see for example [[blog-description-examples]]. -Tantek
** [http://rbach.priv.at/Microformats-IRC/2006-04-09#T192302 the SELF description was discussed] in the meet-up. The idea behind encoding all the attributes for the current page/item was to allow OTHERS to extract citation data from your page for their own use. Why should i re-key all the data about the article if i can simple convert the article to a citation itself! This should require no additional work or fields - their will be no properties unique to the SELF that are already not expressed in the base citation microformat. -[http://suda.co.uk/ brian]
*** I understand the desire to help automate this, but that means that it would be nice to have a transform from the self-description of a work, to a citation of the work. That transform doesn't necessarily have to be the identity transform, hence the last requirement shouldn't be a requirement. -Tantek
**** Your point that a citation is a reference to an outside source is right Tantek, but that doesn't mean that the description of self should be ANY different than that of an extraneous document, save for the fact that we call it a "citation." I think this may well have been why Ed bruoght up the idea of an hDC, where we end up thinking of hCite as more-or-less a sort of wrapper for other microformats (hCard, hCal, etc.). -Bruce
***** But we are not talking about "should be ANY different". We are talking about "should be SAME". My point is that it should NOT be a *requirement* for *citations* per se. The recognition that people will want to cite works is a good one, and thus when working on any "description" type format for a work describing itself, *that* work should look to the citation microformat and be sure to specify a transform, i.e. how to create a citation from a description. The easiest thing *might* be to simply embed a citation, but that is up to the description format, not up to the citation format, and thus should NOT be a requirement for the citation format. My guess is that most description formats will be a superset of what a general purpose citation has in it.
****** Consider the example of an article that contains within the page something along the lines of "Please cite this article as: The Title Of An Article. Smith J. Journal Title (1987). 46:1; 23-35.". That's both a citation and a description of the current page, and it should be marked up as such. --AlfEaton
* In addition, naming a document "-recommendation" at this point is quite premature, especially when there is much work to be done in both doing the work and cleaning up of [[citation-examples]], [[citation-formats]], and [[citation-brainstorming]]. If this is meant to be a record of notes or a summary of a discussion, then it should be a notes page, e.g. see for example [[geo-bof-2005-06-30]]. Thanks, -Tantek
** I will write-up the notes for the irc-meeting shortly and post them to the appropriate place. In the mean-time the general consenus was that we have closed on the exploration phase of the citation microformat. We have solid goals and are moving to implementation. Admittably the citation pages need some serious clean-up, but there is no need to halt progress in the development/itteration phase for those who are helping to move forward the format. -[http://suda.co.uk/ brian]
*** Considering any "exploration" "closed" regarding a microformat makes no sense at all when the work to complete the necessary pages per the [[process]] has yet to happen. I'm moving this page to a name more reflecting of its consideration within the process, just notes. -Tantek

== Current problems ==

* Bibliographies published in HTML generally just use plain text (a URL is often included), but are sometimes produced from fully marked-up data, which is lost.
* inline citations often link to bibliography items, but use named anchors rather than fragment identifiers.
* There are multiple ways of adding self-descriptive data to web pages, such as meta tags -- with or without Dublin Core -- or embedded RDF.
** meta tags are nearly useless since their content is invisible. -Tantek

== Straw Proposals ==
'''These straw thoughts/proposals should be on the [[citation-brainstorming]] page, not here, along with some citation (so to speak ;) of the proposer. -Tantek'''

=== Microformat for inline citations ===

<pre>
<cite>
<a href="#ref-1">1</a>
</cite>
</pre>

<pre>
<cite>
<a href="#ref-1">Smith, 2002</a>
</cite>
</pre>

=== Microformat for a generic bibliography citation ===
<pre>
<li class="citation" id="ref-1">

<a class="url" href="http://dx.doi.org/[DOI]">[item title]</a>



[surname],
<abbr title="[given-name]" class="given-name">[initial]</abbr>




[surname],
<abbr title="[given-name]" class="given-name">[initial]</abbr>


<abbr class="date-published" title="YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SS+ZZ:ZZ">[year]</abbr>
</li>
</pre>

Note: for an full inline citation, the <pre><li class="citation" id=""></li></pre> would be replaced by <pre><cite></cite></pre> and there would not be a link to a local fragment.

Note: for a self citation, the <pre><li class="citation" id=""></li></pre> would be replaced by <pre><span|div class="citation self"></span|div></pre>

=== Additional elements for a journal article citation ===
<pre>
class="citation article"


<a class="url" href="http://dx.doi.org/[doi]">[journal title]</a>

<abbr class="date-published" title="YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SS+ZZ:ZZ">[year]</abbr>
[volume no.]
[issue no.]
<abbr class="uri" title="urn:issn/[issn]"/>


[start-page]-[end-page]
<abbr class="uri" title="info:pmid/[PMID]"/>
</pre>

* I changed "number" to "issue". I also think that all of that content ought likely be moved out of the "container" wrapper into the root level. Finally, should not the container include another type class ("periodical" or "journal")? -- bruce
** I thought you wanted the model not to be flat, ie the container should have its own attributes? --alf
*** I am not referring to things like titles, but rather only to the locator information (volume, issue, pages), and this is primarily for practical reasons. Those in fact are not characteristics of the container (periodical), but rather of the relationship between the article and issue, and then the issue and the periodical. E.g. to model it "properly" would suggest three levels (root, container/issue, collection/periodical), each with their own respective locators. So I was just thinking for those reasons to in general say these locators ought to be associated with the root. What do you think? -- bruce
**** It might be useful to define which elements would appear at each level. If there are "universals" that would appear in any of kind of citation (although might have a different label/connotation based on context), what would they be? Title? Creator? What else? Then we can start figuring out the special elements for each "type" of citation. --ross
***** Titles is the obvious one that applies across the board: chapters, books, photographs, legal cases, court reporters, webpages, series, etc. all have titles. Likewise, they all have different kinds of contributors (including in many cases creators). But that's it I think. -- bruce

=== Additional elements for a book citation ===
<pre>
class="citation book"


<a class="url" href="http://dx.doi.org/[doi]">[book title]</a>

[book subtitle]
[publisher]
[editor]
<abbr class="date-published" title="YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SS+ZZ:ZZ">[year]</abbr>
<abbr class="uri" title="urn:isbn/[isbn]"/>


[start-page]-[end-page]
</pre>

BDarcus: this looks good. I wonder, though, about two issues.

1. why not just title and abbreviatedTitle instead of title and subtitle?

2. date-published with books in particular is a can of worms. My book, for example, has a copyright date of 2006 (which is what one would include in the citation) but an actual publication date sometime in late-2005. The specificity of date-published is thus misleading. What we're really talking about is a copyright date. I wonder if the above might not be better with two classes: date and copyright? So then these classes of dates: date, copyright, issued (more generic than published). That slso fits dc and qualified dc.
*This seems complicated (of course, it's ''all'' complicated) because there's an assumption that the citation creator will actually know which of these the date actually is. It seems like a generic date field that can be qualified with "published" or "copyright" or "actual year the conference happened", etc. would be more user-friendly.
** Ross, yes, that's what I had in mind (but didn't explain very well). A generic "date" class ought to work for most cases, but leave room to add further qualfiers if necessary. -- bruce

citation-irc-notes-2006-04-09

2006-04-10T20:55:26Z

2006-04-03T17:30:48Z

BDarcus: /* Attendees */

There has been an explosion of messages to the mailing list about the citation format. I think it would be best for everyone interested in contributing to try and set aside 30-60 minutes so we can all meet in the IRC room and hammer out alot of the simple things and get a road map for the larger pictures.

I would like to try to get the first meeting within the next 10 days, so please put your name with a time that works best for you. REMEMBER we span different timezone, so maybe a weekend is best?

== Attendees ==
* [http://suda.co.uk/ Brian Suda] (-0600) TZ, Any day after 19:00 (7pm) or weekends
* [http://michael-mccracken.net/ Michael McCracken] (-0800) TZ, Any day after 4pm or weekends, starting Tuesday, Apr. 4. (Except April 7th, 8th & 9th)
* [http://tjameswhite.com/ Tim White] (-0500)TZ, Weekends best (except April 7-8), or after 7pm (no Tuesdays)
* [http://www.inkdroid.org/ Ed Summers] (-0600)TZ, 9AM-10PM.
* [http://dilettantes.code4lib.org/ Ross Singer] (-0500)TZ Monday April 3rd or Sunday the 9th... 9-5 either day.
* [http://netapps.muohio.edu/blogs/darcusb/darcusb/ Bruce D'Arcus] (-0500)TZ 9-5 in general, weekend probably best.

== things to discuss ==
* Difference between inline citation and a Bibliography
* Minimum information needed to be considered a citation?
* Citation Typing (should types such as Book, Journal, Photo, Art be explicitly stated?)
* ???

citation-formats

2006-02-20T04:48:41Z

BDarcus: /* Citation Formats */

= Citation Formats =

This page will display several different types of citation format types. The idea is to compare what properties are common amonst all of the formats and which ones should be blended into this microformat.

See also:
* [[citation]]
* [[citation-brainstorming]]
* [[citation-examples]]

== Comparison chart ==
The following chart maps the terms from one implementation to another. This is important because if all the properties are introduced to this microformats, then its possible to map them to a number of different formats. The table currently only uses Dublin Core, MODS, and bibTeX. Each column has all the properties and their equivalent in each format. If there is no corresponding property the cell is grey. At the bottom of the list are the unique terms to each format. Dublin core has basic terms and terms that extend the basic ones. If the property is an extention of a basic term it is in ()'s. MODS uses XML, so any sub-properties are listed in their tree form, property/sub-property.

THIS IS NOT DEFINIATIVE, any errors should be corrected. More formats will be added to the list as they are mapped.

<table border="1">
<tr>
<th>Dublin Core</th>
<th>MODS</th>
<th>bibTeX</th>
<th>Z39.80</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Title (alternative)</td>
<td>titleInfo/title titleInfo/PartNum</td>
<td>booktitle title chapter number pages volume series</td>
<td>Analytic Title 
Collective or Series Title 
Monographic Title 
Work Fraction Title 
Location of Conference 
Main Entry 
Name of Conference 
Number of Meeting 
Other Title 
Parallel Title 
Title Abbriviation 
Title of Conference Proceedings 
Translated Title 
Uniform Title 
Abbriviated Translated Title 
Symposium or Session Title 
Collective or Series Edition 
Video/Film Edition 
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>creator</td>
<td>name/namePart</td>
<td>author creator</td>
<td>Author, Primary 
Corporate Author, Primary 
Abstract Author 
Authorship Statement 
Acknowledged Supporters 
Assignee for Patents 
Chairperson of Conference 
Director of AV Program 
Other Author 
Reviewed Book Author 
Studio 
Sponsor of Conference 
Staff/Cast 
Symposium Chairperson 
Author Address or Affiliation 
Author Country 
Electronic Address of Author 
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>subject</td>
<td>subject/topic</td>
<td>keywords</td>
<td>needs mapping</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Description (abstract | tableOfContents)</td>
<td>abstract note tableOfContents</td>
<td>abstract annotation note contents</td>
<td>needs mapping</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Contributor</td>
<td>name</td>
<td>editor?</td>
<td>Book/Report/Volume Editor 
Producer 
Translator 
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Date (available | created | dateAccepted | dateCopyrighted | dateSubmitted | issued | modified | valid)</td>
<td>originInfo/dateIssued originInfo/dateCreated originInfo/dateCaptured originInfo/dateOther</td>
<td>month year</td>
<td>Copyright Year Date-generic Date of conference Date of Publication Date of Update/Revisou/Issuance of Database Record Former Date Entry date for Database Record Database Update Year of Publication</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Type</td>
<td>typeOfResource genre</td>
<td>@class type</td>
<td>needs mapping</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Format (extent | medium)</td>
<td>physicalDescription/internetMediaType physicalDescription/extent physicalDescription/form</td>
<td>howpublished</td>
<td>needs mapping</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>identifier (bibliographicCitation)</td>
<td>identifier</td>
<td>ISBN ISSN LCCN URL</td>
<td>ISBN Identifier Report Identfier ISSN</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Source</td>
<td>relatedItem</td>
<td bgcolor="#cccccc"></td>
<td>needs mapping</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>language</td>
<td>language</td>
<td>language</td>
<td bgcolor="#cccccc"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Relation (...)</td>
<td>relatedItem/...</td>
<td>crossRef</td>
<td>needs mapping</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Coverage (spacial | temporal)</td>
<td>subject/temporal subject/geographic subject/hierarchicalGeographic subject/cartographics</td>
<td></td>
<td>needs mapping</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#cccccc"></td>
<td>classifications</td>
<td bgcolor="#cccccc"></td>
<td>needs mapping</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Rights (accessRights | license)</td>
<td>accessConditions</td>
<td>copyright</td>
<td>needs mapping</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>publisher</td>
<td bgcolor="#cccccc"></td>
<td>publisher</td>
<td>Publisher Name 
Place of Publication 
Country of Publication 
Generic Address 
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>audience (educationLevel | mediator)</td>
<td>targetAudience</td>
<td bgcolor="#cccccc"></td>
<td>needs mapping</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#999999">accualMethod accualPeriodicaty accualPolicy instrcutionalMethod provenance rightsHolder</td>
<td bgcolor="#999999">location extension recordInfo</td>
<td bgcolor="#999999">address afflilication location edition institution journal key mrnumber organization price school size</td>
<td bgcolor="#999999">(the following need to be mapped to the above rows or left here as other) 
Database Source 
Databse Record Identifier 
Database Producer Name 
Rights Management 
Subfile 
Other Source Identifier 
Vendor Record Identifier 
Database Vendor Name 
Column Number 
Edition 
Frequency of Publication 
Internet Location for Document 
Supplement/Part/Special number identifer 
Issue Identifier 
Location in Work 
Number of the Chapter 
Number in Series 
Volume Identifier 
Section Indentifier 
</td>
</tr>
</table>

== Dublin Core Metadata ==
[http://dublincore.org/ Dublin Core] metadata uses a small vocabulary to descibe the data.
* contributor
* coverage
* creator
* date
* description
* format
* identifier
* language
* publisher
* relation
* rights
* source
* subject
* title
* type

From those there are specialised types where are just refinments of the previous, for example:

* abstract refines description.
* accessRights refines rights

[http://dublincore.org/documents/dc-citation-guidelines/ Guidelines for Encoding Bibliographic Citation Information in Dublin Core Metadata]

== MODS (Metadata Object Description Schema) ==
This is a format developed for the Libray of Congress for a bibliographic element set that may be used for a variety of purposes, and particularly for library applications.

[http://www.loc.gov/standards/mods/ http://www.loc.gov/standards/mods/]

(the schema is very big, once i devote the proper time to review it, i will post more about the structure -brian)

== XMLResume ==
<pre>
<!ELEMENT pubs (pub+)>
<!ENTITY % pubElements "(artTitle|bookTitle|author|date|pubDate|publisher|pageNums|url)">
<!ELEMENT pub (para | %pubElements;)*>
<!ATTLIST pub id ID #IMPLIED>
<!ELEMENT artTitle (#PCDATA | link)*>
<!ELEMENT bookTitle (#PCDATA | link)*>
<!ELEMENT author (#PCDATA)>
<!ATTLIST author name IDREF #IMPLIED>
<!ELEMENT pubDate (month?, year)> 
<!ELEMENT publisher (#PCDATA | link | url)*>
<!ELEMENT pageNums (#PCDATA)>
</pre>

== BibTeX ==
=== Fields Used by Bibtex ===

<table border="1" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>abstract:</td>
<td>An abstract of the work.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>address:</td>
<td>Publisher's address. For major publishing houses,
just the city is given. For small publishers, you can help the reader by giving the complete address.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>affiliation:</td>
<td>The author's affiliation.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>annote:</td>
<td>An annotation. It is not used by he standard bibliography styles, but may be used by others that produce an annotated bibliography.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>author:</td>
<td>The name(s) of the author(s).</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>booktitle: </td>
<td>Title of a book, part of which is being cited. For book entries, use the title field instead.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>chapter:</td>
<td>A chapter (or section) number.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>contents:</td>
<td>A Table of Contents.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>copyright:</td>
<td>Copyright information.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>crossref:</td>
<td>The database key of the entry being cross-referenced.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>edition: </td>
<td>The edition of a book - for example
"Second". Notice that it is in capitals.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>editor: </td>
<td>Name(s) of editor(s). If there is also an author field, then the editor field gives the editor of the book or collection in which the reference appears.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>howpublished:</td>
<td>How something strange has been published. The first word should be capitalized.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>institution:</td>
<td>The sponsoring institution of a technical report.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ISBN:</td>
<td>The International Standard Book Number.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ISSN:</td>
<td>The International Standard Serial Number. Used to
identify a journal.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>journal: </td>
<td>A journal name. Abbreviations are provided for many journals.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>key: </td>
<td>Used for alphabetizing and creating a label when the author and editor fields are missing. This field should not be confused with the key that appears at the beginning of the reference.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>keywords:</td>
<td>Key words used for searching or possibly for annotation.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>language:</td>
<td>The language the document is written in.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>LCCN:</td>
<td>The Library of Congress Call Number.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>location:</td>
<td>A location associated with the entry, such as the city in which a conference took place.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>month: </td>
<td>The month in which the work was published or, for an unpublished work, in which it was written.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>mrnumber:</td>
<td>The Mathematical Reviews number.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>note:</td>
<td>Any additional information that can help the reader. First word should be capitalized.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>number: </td>
<td>The number of a journal, magazine, technical report, or of a work in a series. An issue of a journal or magazine is usually identified by its volume and number; the organization that issues a technical report usually gives it a number; and sometimes books are given numbers in a named series.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>organization: </td>
<td>The organization that sponsors a conference or publishes a manual.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>pages:</td>
<td>One or more page numbers or ranges of number, such as 37--42, or 7,53,82--94.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>price:</td>
<td>The price of the material.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>publisher:</td>
<td>The publisher's name.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>school:</td>
<td>The name of the school where a thesis was written.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>series:</td>
<td>Then name given a series or set of books. When citing an entire book, the title field gives its title and the optional series field gives the name of a series in which the book was published.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>size:</td>
<td>The physical dimensions of the work.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>title:</td>
<td>The work's title.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>type:</td>
<td>The type of technical report - for example,
"Research Note".</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>url:</td>
<td>The WWW Universal Resource Locator that points to the item being referenced. Often used for technical reports to point to the FTP site where it resides.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>volume:</td>
<td>The volume of a journal or multivolume book.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>year:</td>
<td>The year of publication or, for an unpublished work, the year it was written. It should only consist of numerals, such as 1976.</td>
</tr>
</table>

=== BibTeX citation Types ===
A reference can be to any of a variety of types. Following is a list of types. Each one also explains the fields associated with that type. Any fields not listed as required or optional are considered to be ignored.
<table border="1" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>article:</td>
<td>An article from a journal or magazine. Required fields: author, title, journal, year. Optional fields: volume, number, pages, month, note, key.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>book:</td>
<td>A book with an explicit publisher. Required fields: author or editor, title, publisher, year. Optional fields: volume, series, address, edition, month, note, key.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>booklet: </td>
<td>A work that is printed and bound, but without a named publisher or sponsoring institution. Required fields: title. Optional fields: author, howpublished, address, month, year, note, key.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>collection:</td>
<td>A collection of works. Same as Proceedings.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>conference:</td>
<td>The same as Inproceedings.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>inbook:</td>
<td>A part of a book, which may be a chapter and/or arange of pages. Required fields: author or editor, title, chapter and/or pages, publisher, year. Optional fields: volumer, series, address, edition, month, note, key.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>incollection:</td>
<td>A part of a book with its own title. Required fields: author, title, booktitle, publisher, year. Optional fields: editor, pages, organization, publisher, address, month, note, key.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>inproceedings:</td>
<td>An article in a conference proceedings. Required fields: author, title, booktitle, year. Optional fields: editor, pages, organization, publisher, address, month, note, key.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>manual: </td>
<td>Technical documentation. Required fields: title. Optional fields: author, organization, address, edition, month, year, note.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>mastersthesis:</td>
<td>A Master's thesis. Required fields: author, title, school, year. Optional fields: address, month, note, key.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>misc:</td>
<td>Use this type when nothing else fits. Required fields: none. Optional fields: author, title, howpublished, month, year, note, key.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>patent:</td>
<td>A patent.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>phdthesis:</td>
<td>A Ph.D. thesis. Required fields: author, title, school, year. Optional fields: address, month, note, key.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>proceedings:</td>
<td>The proceedings of a conference. Required fields: title, year. Optional fields: editor, publisher, organization, address, month, note, key.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>techreport:</td>
<td>A report published by a school or other institution, usually numbered within a series. Required fields: author, title, institution, year. Optional fields: type, number, address, month, note, key.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>unpublished:</td>
<td>A document with an author and title, but not formally published. Required fields: author, title, note. Optional fields: month, year, key.</td>
</tr>
</table>

==== Examples ====
<pre><nowiki>
@book{kn:gnus,

AUTHOR = "Donald E. Knudson",
TITLE = "1966 World Gnus Almanac",
PUBLISHER = {Permafrost Press},
ADDRESS = {Novosibirsk} }

<div class="book" id="kn:gnus">
<div class="author">Donald E. Knudson</div>
<div class="title">1966 World Gnus Almanac</div>
<div class="publisher">Permafrost Press</div>
<div class="address">Novosibirsk</div>
</div>

@article{XAi_HSCheng_1994a,

author = "X. Ai and H. S. Cheng",
title = "Influence of moving dent on point {EHL} contacts",
journal = "Tribol. Trans.",
volume = "37",
year = "1994",
pages = "323--335",
}

<div class="article" id="XAi_HSCheng_1994a">
<div class="author">X. Ai and H. S. Cheng</div>
<div class="title">Influence of moving dent on point {EHL} contacts</div>
<div class="journal">Tribol. Trans.</div>
<div class="volume">37</div>
<div class="year">1994</div>
<div class="pages">323--335</div>
</div>
</nowiki></pre>

== OpenURL ==

OpenURL aka [http://www.niso.org/standards/standard_detail.cfm?std_id=783 Z39.88] defines a standard way of bundling citation data in a URL. It is widely deployed in academic libraries around the world to provide access to licensed content via link resolvers such as [http://www.exlibrisgroup.com/sfx_openurl.htm SFX]. The Context Object in Span ([http://ocoins.info/ COinS]) community standard represents one way to embed OpenURLs in XHTML without including a resolver target.

<pre>
<nowiki>

</nowiki>
</pre>

As you can see this isn't very much like semantic XHTML at all. However significant work has gone into defining the set of Key/Encoded Values (KEVs) that can be used in various [http://alcme.oclc.org/openurl/servlet/OAIHandler?verb=ListRecords&metadataPrefix=oai_dc&set=Core:Metadata+Formats types] of citations: [http://www.openurl.info/registry/docs/mtx/info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:book book], [http://www.openurl.info/registry/docs/mtx/info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation dissertation], [http://www.openurl.info/registry/docs/mtx/info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal journal], [http://www.openurl.info/registry/docs/mtx/info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:patent patent]. It would be possible to simply provide a standard XHTML bundling for these keys as a microformat.

=== Example ===

<pre>
<nowiki>

<div class="openurl-journal">
Berners-Lee,
Tim</a>; Hendler, James; Lassila, Ora.
"The Semantic Web".
Scientific American
284(5), pp.
pp. 34-43.
0036-8733
</div>

</nowiki>
</pre>

Using OpenURL in this way would enable third party applications that could, say grab citation metadata from a blog, and without much work fire it off at your university's or public libraries openurl resolver to see if the article is available via a licensed databases. The benefits [http://www.infotoday.com/newsbreaks/nb050801-1.shtml have] [http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue43/chudnov/ been] [http://www.wallandbinkley.com/quaedam/?p=30 noted] [http://hublog.hubmed.org/archives/001163.html elsewhere].

== The OpenURL Briefly Explained ==

An OpenURL consists of two independent parts: the ContextObject (or the bibliographic metadata surrounding a citation) and the location of resolver to parse the metadata and present contextual services based on said metadata. The problem is that the term "OpenURL" is also used as a catch-all for all of the independent parts and how they work. This is mainly because it's a catchier term than "Z39.88", which is the [http://www.niso.org/standards/standard_detail.cfm?std_id=783 NISO standard all this is based upon].

The most common representation of the OpenURL ContextObject is seen as arguments in a URL string (which is referred to as "San Antonio Profile 1" -- more commonly SAP1 -- and is represented in Key Encoded Values -- KEVs). This "representation" is independent of the ContextObject (from here on known as CO) itself and is only intended to permit the CO to be transmitted via an HTTP GET request.

There is also SAP2, which is an XML representation of the CO (see: [http://alcme.oclc.org/openurl/servlet/OAIHandler?verb=GetRecord&metadataPrefix=oai_dc&identifier=info:ofi/fmt:xml:xsd:ctx here] for more information) and is a much more human readable format. This still falls outside the scope of microformats, but makes the point that encoding has nothing to do with the CO itself. They are just agreed upon means of conveying the CO to enable machines act upon them consistently.

The ContextObject could be conveyed just as easily in XHTML using attributes, as long as the terms follow the vocabulary defined in the OpenURL framework. The important thing to focus on here is the ContextObject -- the address of the link resolver ''is'' institution-specific and should be handled by a user's (or machine's) activating agent.

However, the link resolver is still a very important component to this whole process. Getting users "appropriate copy" is a very real (and very difficult) problem that libraries are trying to solve. Link resolvers are a pretty efficient means of overcoming this hurdle, so it would make sense to mark up bibiographic citations in a way that link resolvers can easily parse.

== Z39.80 ==
I'm not sure the best place for a guide to Z39.80 so please add links as you see fit:

[http://www.niso.org/standards/resources/drft4rev.html http://www.niso.org/standards/resources/drft4rev.html]

== DocBook ==

A subset of the DocBook vocabulary is dedicated to representing a bibliography: http://www.docbook.org/tdg/en/html/bibliography.html

<pre><nowiki>
<!DOCTYPE bibliography PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.1.2//EN"
"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.1.2/docbookx.dtd">
<bibliography>
<title>Languages and Semantics</title>
<bibliodiv>
<title>Books</title>
<biblioentry>
<title>Course in General Linguistics</title>
<abbrev>deSaussure59</abbrev>
<author><firstname>Ferdinand</firstname><surname>de Saussure</surname></author>
<editor><firstname>Charles</firstname><surname>Bally</surname></editor>
<editor><firstname>Albert</firstname><surname>Sechehaye</surname></editor>
<othercredit role="translator"><firstname>Wade</firstname><surname>Baskin</surname></othercredit>
<copyright>
<year>1959</year>
<holder>The Philosophical Library Inc.</holder>
</copyright>
<isbn>07-016524-6</isbn>
<publisher>
<publishername>McGraw-Hill Book Company</publishername>
</publisher>
</biblioentry>
</bibliodiv>
</bibliography>
</nowiki></pre>

== Ann Arbor District Library XML feed ==

Here's a record in XML format from their project to simplify
access to the catalog. More discussion on [http://www.blyberg.net John Blyberg's blog].

<pre>
<nowiki>
<p:Record>
<callnum>823 Bu</callnum>
<author>Burkart, Gina, 1971-</author>
<fulltitle>A parent's guide to Harry Potter / Gina Burkart</fulltitle>
<title>A parent's guide to Harry Potter </title>
<pubinfo>Downers Grove, Ill. : InterVarsity Press, c2005</pubinfo>
<desc>112 p</desc>
<bibliography>Includes bibliographical references</bibliography>
<contents>
The Harry hype -- More than a story -- The modern fairy tale -- Discussing fantasy with children --
Morals, not magic -- The real issues in Harry Potter -- Dealing with traumatic experiences -- Facing
fears -- Battling bullies -- Delving into diversity -- Hiding hurts -- Letting go of anger -- Getting
help -- Choosing good over evil -- The power of love -- Facing spiritual battles
</contents>
<isbn>0830832882</isbn>
<price>$11.00</price>
<lang>eng</lang>
<copies>0</copies>
<catdate>08-16-2005</catdate>
<mattype>a</mattype>
<avail>No copies available</avail>
<recordlink xlink:href="http://www.aadl.org/cat/seek/record=1249810"/>
</p:Record>
</nowiki>
</pre>

== SimpleDC supported by the zoom toolkit ==

<pre>
<nowiki>
<dc xmlns="http/www.loc.gov/zing/srw/dcschema/v1.0/">
<title>Kantor Salomon Sulzer und seine Zeit : eine Dokumentation /</title>
<creator>Avenary, Hanoch.</creator>
<creator>Pass, Walter.</creator>
<creator>Vielmetti, Nikolaus.</creator>
<creator>Adler, Israel, (1925-)</creator>
<subject>Sulzer, Salomon, -- 1804-1890.</subject>
<subject>Jewish composers -- Austria -- Biography.</subject>
<subject>Cantors, Jewish -- Biography.</subject>
<date>1985</date>
<publisher>Sigmaringen : Jan Thorbecke Verlag</publisher>
<identifier>3799540636</identifier>
<description>300 p., [12] p. of plates : ill., music, ports. ; 24 cm.</description>
</dc>
</nowiki>
</pre>

this is the output of marc.toSimpleDC()

== SRU from the Library of Congress ==

http://z3950.loc.gov:7090/voyager?version=1.1&operation=searchRetrieve&query=dinosaur&maximumRecords=1&recordSchema=dc

<pre>
<nowiki>
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<zs:searchRetrieveResponse xmlns:zs="http://www.loc.gov/zing/srw/">
<zs:version>1.1</zs:version>
<zs:numberOfRecords>1701</zs:numberOfRecords>
<zs:records>
<zs:record>
<zs:recordSchema>info:srw/schema/1/dc-v1.1</zs:recordSchema>
<zs:recordPacking>xml</zs:recordPacking>
<zs:recordData>
<srw_dc:dc xmlns:srw_dc="info:srw/schema/1/dc-schema"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"
xsi:schemaLocation="info:srw/schema/1/dc-schema http://www.loc.gov/z3950/agency/zing/srw/dc-schema.xsd">
<title>3-D dinosaur adventure [computer file].</title>
<creator>Knowledge Adventure, Inc.</creator>
<type>software, multimedia</type>
<publisher>Glendale, CA : Knowledge Adventure,</publisher>

<date>c1995.</date>
<language>eng</language>
<description>Employs a dinosaur theme-park setting to introduce users to Triassic, Jurassic, and
Cretaceous periods. Features hypertext dinosaur encyclopedia covering 150 million years of
paleontology. Includes animated video simulations, three-dimensional dinosaur museum, narration,
games, activities, and color illustrations.</description>
<description>Ages 5 to 10.</description>
<description>System requirements for PC: 486SX/25MHz processor or higher; 8MB RAM; Windows 3.1,
3.11, or 95; SVGA 256-color graphics adapter; hard drive with 5MB free space; double-speed CD-ROM
drive; MPC-compatible sound card; mouse.</description>
<description>System requirements for Macintosh: 68040 or Power PC processor; 8MB RAM; System 7.0 or
higher; 256-color graphics capability; thirteen-inch color monitor or larger; hard drive with 4MB
free space; double-speed CD-ROM drive.</description>

<description>Ages 5 to 10.</description>
<description>Employs a dinosaur theme-park setting to introduce users to Triassic, Jurassic, and
Cretaceous periods. Features hypertext dinosaur encyclopedia covering 150 million years of paleontology.
Includes animated video simulations, three-dimensional dinosaur museum, narration, games, activities,
and color illustrations.</description>
<subject>Dinosaurs--Juvenile software.</subject>
<subject>Dinosaurs.</subject>
<identifier>URN:ISBN:1569972133</identifier>
</srw_dc:dc>
</zs:recordData>
<zs:recordPosition>1</zs:recordPosition>
</zs:record>
</zs:records>
</zs:searchRetrieveResponse>

</nowiki>
</pre>

== University of Bath reference type ==
<pre>
<nowiki>
<reference>
<authors>
<author>
<forename>E</forename>
<forename>M</forename>
<surname>Phillips</surname>
</author>
<author>
<forename>D</forename>
<forename>S</forename>
<surname>Pugh</surname>
</author>
</authors>
<date>1994</date>
<entity>
<book title="How to get a PhD: A handbook for students and their supervisors">
<location>
<placeofpublication>Buckinghamshire</placeofpublication>
<publisher>Open University</publisher>
</location>
</book>
</entity>
</reference>

<reference>
<authors>
<author>
<forename>Michael</forename>
<surname>Fumento</surname>
</author>
</authors>
<date>1996</date>
<entity>
<website pagetitle="Radon's Real Threat is to the EPA"
uri="http://www.consumeralert.org/fumento/radon1.htm"/>
</entity>
<frdescription>an article by a prolific newspaper columnist in the USA -
quotes empirical scientific research showing no provable link between radon in homes and elevated
cases of lung cancer</frdescription>
</reference>
</nowiki>
</pre>
[http://www.bath.ac.uk/schemas/screenshots/referencetype.png Schema extract]

== Types and Roles ==
(Section is informative only as a place to capture various parts of publication citations.)

There are many different types of publications and this information should be captured in the citation. Possible types include:
* Novel/fiction (specify type -- literature, SF, romance, etc.?)
* Non-fiction
* Poem
* Play
* Magazine
* Reference (separate out encyclopedia, dictionary, almanac, etc.?)
* Journal
* Article within a journal
* Chapter within a book
* Dissertation
* Web Site
* Page within a web site
* Music Recording
* Video Recording
* Interview
* Physical object (Statue, Painting, etc.)
* ??

Question:
Certain works have specific types of citations, for example, the Bible--and, I assume, other religious works--have very specific citation formats with different relevant information (chapter/verse) than others, as do the works of Shakespeare. Should these be considered separate types/roles?

A: I think in terms of types, we should at least note the items (chapter, verse, etc). How they get dealt with is still way up in the air. - [[User:Tim White|Tim White]]

Likewise, there are several different roles associated with publications -- author, co-author, editor, translator, etc. Should these be captured under a master "role" or treated as individual elements?

A: Good question. I think there is an important distinction, but whether we follow a design pattern of "role-*" (or more likely "author-*) or some other pattern hasn't been discussed yet. - Tim

== Biblio RDF Class Schema ==
Regading the issue of types notes above, the [http://vocab.org/biblio/schema biblio schema] provides a comprehensive set of classes to describe citation metadata. It might prove useful as a guide for a micro-format. The primary classes are Agent, Reference, Collection, and Event. An "Article", then, would be a subclass of "Part", which in turn is a subclass of Reference. Likewise, a "Journal" is a subclass of a "Periodical," which in turn is a subclass of "Collection." An article would typically be linked to a journal through a dcterms:isPartOf relation.

citation-examples

2006-02-20T04:34:32Z

BDarcus: /* Citeproc XHTML output */

<h1> Citation Examples </h1>

The following examples are real world examples of citations found on the web. Please add to this list. The idea is that we get a solid sample of examples and see what commonalities there are amonst them and try to build this microformat so that it can meet 80% of typical uses.

See also:
* [[citation]]
* [[citation-formats]]
* [[citation-brainstorming]]

__TOC__

== Contributors ==
* ...
* ...
* Tantek Çelik
* [http://michael-mccracken.net/wp/ Michael McCracken]

== Citation Mark Up in the Wild ==
Mark up examples from reference publisher's websites (online catalogs), including ABC-CLIO, Greenwood Press, Marshall Cavendish, Oxford University Press (USA) and Thomson Gale. Examples are broken down and organized by element.

View complete [[citations in the wild]]. (why is this a separate page?)

=== Book titles: ===
<pre>
The 1920's
(ABC-CLIO product detail page)

<div class="title"> <a href="...">The Greenwood Encyclopedia of World Folklore and Folklife</a> </div>
(Greenwood Press homepage)

The Greenwood Encyclopedia of World Folklore and Folklife
(Greenwood Press product detail page)

<td width="35%">Title</td>
<td width="65%">The New Terrorism: Anatomy, Trends and Counter-strategies</td>
(Marshall Cavendish product detail page)

<h2> <a href="...">The Glorious Cause</a> </h2>
(Oxford Univ. Press, homepage)

<h1>The Glorious Cause</h1>
(OUP, product detail page)

<h2>Contemporary Literary Criticism</h2>
(Thomson Gale, product detail page)

Talk and Interaction in Social Research Methods (SAGE Publications)
</pre>
Also, many examples where books presented in table format with Title as cell header, or presented "Title: "

=== Book Series Name: ===
<pre>
<a href="...">Teaching With Documents Series</a>
(ABC-CLIO)
</pre>

=== Sub-title: ===
<pre>

(ABC-CLIO)

<div class="sub_title">[Four Volumes]</div>
(Greenwood, homepage)

[Four Volumes]
(Greenwood, product page)

<div class="subTitle"> The American Revolution, 1763-1789 </div>
(OUP)
</pre>

=== Author: ===
<pre>

(ABC-CLIO)

<div class="author">William M. Clements</div>
(Greenwood)

<td width="35%">Authors</td>
<td width="65%">Andrew Tan & Kumar Ramakrishna (eds)</td>
(Marshall Cavendish)

<div class="byline"> Robert Middlekauff </div>
(OUP)
</pre>

=== Publication Date: ===
<pre>
11/2001
(ABC-CLIO -- see table structure)

<div id="pnlPubDate"> Publication Date: 12/30/2005 </div>
(Greenwood, detail page)

 Feb 2005 
(OUP)

<li>Published/Released: March 1973</li>
(Thomson Gale)
</pre>

=== Volumes: ===
<pre>
<td width="110" class="productdetailhead">Volumes</td>
<td width="180" class="productdetailbody">1</td>
(ABC-CLIO)
</pre>

=== ISBN: ===
<pre>
<td class="productdetailhead" width="88">ISBN</td>
<td class="productdetailbody">1-57607-785-3</td>
(ABC-CLIO)

<div class="isbn">0-313-32847-1</div>
(Greenwood, homepage)

<div id="pnlIsbn"> ISBN: 0-313-32847-1 </div>
(Greenwood, product page)

<td width="35%">ISBN Number</td>
<td width="65%">9812102108</td>
(Marshall Cavendish)

0195162471
(OUP)

<li>ISBN: 0-8103-0100-8</li>
(Thomson Gale)
</pre>

=== Book Edition: ===
<pre>
<div class="edition"> Revised and Expanded Edition </div>
(OUP)
</pre>
Added by [[User:Tim White|Tim]]

== RFC vCard Example ==
<pre><nowiki>
9. References

[ISO 8601] ISO 8601:1988 - Data elements and interchange formats -
Information interchange - Representation of dates and
times - The International Organization for
Standardization, June, 1988.

[ISO 8601 TC] ISO 8601, Technical Corrigendum 1 - Data elements and
interchange formats - Information interchange -
Representation of dates and times - The International
Organization for Standardization, May, 1991.

[ISO 9070] ISO 9070, Information Processing - SGML support
facilities - Registration Procedures for Public Text
Owner Identifiers, April, 1991.

[CCITT E.163] Recommendation E.163 - Numbering Plan for The
International Telephone Service, CCITT Blue Book,
Fascicle II.2, pp. 128-134, November, 1988.

[CCITT X.121] Recommendation X.121 - International Numbering Plan for
Public Data Networks, CCITT Blue Book, Fascicle VIII.3,
pp. 317-332, November, 1988.

[CCITT X.520] Recommendation X.520 - The Directory - Selected
Attribute Types, November 1988.

[CCITT X.521] Recommendation X.521 - The Directory - Selected Object
Classes, November 1988.

[MIME-DIR] Howes, T., Smith, M., and F. Dawson, "A MIME Content-
Type for Directory Information", RFC 2425, September
1998.

[RFC 1738] Berners-Lee, T., Masinter, L., and M. McCahill,
"Uniform Resource Locators (URL)", RFC 1738, December
1994.

[RFC 1766] Alvestrand, H., "Tags for the Identification of
Languages", RFC 1766, March 1995.

[RFC 1872] Levinson, E., "The MIME Multipart/Related Content-
type", RFC 1872, December 1995.

[RFC 2045] Freed, N., and N. Borenstein, "Multipurpose Internet
Mail Extensions (MIME) - Part One: Format of Internet
Message Bodies", RFC 2045, November 1996.

[RFC 2046] Freed, N., and N. Borenstein, "Multipurpose Internet
Mail Extensions (MIME) - Part Two: Media Types", RFC
2046, November 1996.

[RFC 2047] Moore, K., "Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions
(MIME) - Part Three: Message Header Extensions for
Non-ASCII Text", RFC 2047, November 1996.

[RFC 2048] Freed, N., Klensin, J., and J. Postel, "Multipurpose
Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) - Part Four:
Registration Procedures", RFC 2048, January 1997.

[RFC 2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

[RFC 2234] Crocker, D., and P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for Syntax
Specifications: ABNF", RFC 2234, November 1997.

[UNICODE] "The Unicode Standard - Version 2.0", The Unicode
Consortium, July 1996.

[VCARD] Internet Mail Consortium, "vCard - The Electronic
Business Card Version 2.1",
http://www.imc.org/pdi/vcard-21.txt, September 18,
1996.
</nowiki></pre>
[http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc2426.html vCard RFC]

== W3C XHTML Spec Example ==
<pre><nowiki>
<h1><a name="refs" id="refs">E.</a> References</h1>

This appendix is informative.

<dl>
<dt><a name="ref-css2" id="ref-css2">[CSS2]</a></dt>

<dd>"<cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-CSS2-19980512">Cascading Style Sheets, level 2 (CSS2) Specification</a></cite>", B. Bos, H. W. Lie, C. Lilley, I. Jacobs, 12 May 1998. 
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-CSS2">Latest version</a> available at: http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-CSS2</dd>

<dt><a name="ref-dom" id="ref-dom">[DOM]</a></dt>

<dd>"<cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-DOM-Level-1-19981001">Document Object Model (DOM) Level 1 Specification</a></cite>", Lauren Wood et al., 1 October
1998. 
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-DOM-Level-1">Latest version</a> available at: http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-DOM-Level-1</dd>

<dt><a name="ref-dom2" id="ref-dom2">[DOM2]</a></dt>

<dd>"<cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/REC-DOM-Level-2-Core-20001113">Document Object Model (DOM) Level 2 Core Specification</a></cite>", A. Le Hors, et
al., 13 November 2000. 
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-2-Core">Latest version</a> available at: http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-2-Core</dd>

<dt><a name="ref-html4" id="ref-html4">[HTML]</a></dt>

<dd>"<cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-html401-19991224">HTML 4.01 Specification</a></cite>", D. Raggett, A. Le Hors, I. Jacobs, 24 December 1999. 
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/html401">Latest version</a> available at: http://www.w3.org/TR/html401</dd>

<dt><a name="ref-posix.1" id="ref-posix.1">[POSIX.1]</a></dt>

<dd>"<cite>ISO/IEC 9945-1:1990 Information Technology - Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX) - Part 1: System Application Program Interface (API) [C Language]</cite>", Institute of Electrical
and Electronics Engineers, Inc, 1990.</dd>

<dt><a id="ref-rfc2045" name="ref-rfc2045">[RFC2045]</a></dt>

<dd>"<cite><a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2045.txt">Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) Part One: Format of Internet Message Bodies</a></cite>", N. Freed and N. Borenstein, November
1996. Note that this RFC obsoletes RFC1521, RFC1522, and RFC1590.</dd>

<dt><a name="ref-rfc2046" id="ref-rfc2046">[RFC2046]</a></dt>

<dd>"<cite><a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2046.txt">RFC2046: Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) Part Two: Media Types</a></cite>", N. Freed and N. Borenstein, November 1996. 
Available at <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2046.txt">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2046.txt</a>. Note that this RFC obsoletes RFC1521, RFC1522, and RFC1590.</dd>

<dt><a name="ref-rfc2119" id="ref-rfc2119">[RFC2119]</a></dt>

<dd>"<cite><a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2119.txt">RFC2119: Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels</a></cite>", S. Bradner, March 1997. 
Available at: http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2119.txt</dd>

<dt><a name="ref-rfc2376" id="ref-rfc2376">[RFC2376]</a></dt>

<dd>"<cite><a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2376.txt">RFC2376: XML Media Types</a></cite>", E. Whitehead, M. Murata, July 1998. 
This document is obsoleted by [<a href="#ref-rfc3023">RFC3023</a>]. 
Available at: http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2376.txt</dd>

<dt><a name="ref-rfc2396" id="ref-rfc2396">[RFC2396]</a></dt>

<dd>"<cite><a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2396.txt">RFC2396: Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic Syntax</a></cite>", T. Berners-Lee, R. Fielding, L. Masinter, August 1998. 
This document updates RFC1738 and RFC1808. 
Available at: http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2396.txt</dd>

<dt><a name="ref-rfc2854" id="ref-rfc2854">[RFC2854]</a></dt>

<dd>"<cite><a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2854.txt">RFC2854: The text/html Media Type</a></cite>", D. Conolly, L. Masinter, June 2000. 
Available at: http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2854.txt</dd>

<dt><a name="ref-rfc3023" id="ref-rfc3023">[RFC3023]</a></dt>

<dd>"<cite><a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3023.txt">RFC3023: XML Media Types</a></cite>", M. Murata, S. St.Laurent, D. Kohn, January 2001. 
This document obsoletes [<a href="#ref-rfc2376">RFC2376</a>]. 
Available at: http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3023.txt</dd>

<dt><a id="ref-rfc3066" name="ref-rfc3066">[RFC3066]</a></dt>

<dd>"<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3066.txt">Tags for the Identification of Languages</a>", H. Alvestrand, January 2001. 
Available at: http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3066.txt</dd>

<dt><a id="ref-rfc3236" name="ref-rfc3236">[RFC3236]</a></dt>

<dd>"<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3236.txt">The 'application/xhtml+xml' Media Type</a>", M. Baker, P. Stark, January 2002. 
Available at: http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3236.txt</dd>

<dt><a id="ref-xhtml-mathml" name="ref-xhtml-mathml">[XHTML+MathML]</a></dt>

<dd><cite>"<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/MathML2/dtd/xhtml-math11-f.dtd">XHTML plus Math 1.1 <abbr title="Document Type Definition">DTD</abbr></a></cite>", "A.2 MathML as a DTD Module", Mathematical
Markup Language (MathML) Version 2.0. Available at: http://www.w3.org/TR/MathML2/dtd/xhtml-math11-f.dtd</dd>

<dt><a id="ref-xhtmlmime" name="ref-xhtmlmime">[XHTMLMIME]</a></dt>

<dd>"<cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2002/NOTE-xhtml-media-types-20020801">XHTML Media Types</a></cite>", Masayasu Ishikawa, 1 August 2002. 
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml-media-types">Latest version</a> available at: http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml-media-types</dd>

<dt><a id="ref-xhtmlmod" name="ref-xhtmlmod">[XHTMLMOD]</a></dt>

<dd>"<cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2001/REC-xhtml-modularization-20010410">Modularization of XHTML</a></cite>", M. Altheim et al., 10 April 2001. 
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml-modularization">Latest version</a> available at: http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml-modularization</dd>

<dt><a name="ref-xml" id="ref-xml">[XML]</a></dt>

<dd>"<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/REC-xml-20001006">Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0 Specification (Second Edition)</a>", T. Bray, J. Paoli, C. M. Sperberg-McQueen, E. Maler, 6 October
2000. 
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml">Latest version</a> available at: http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml</dd>

<dt><a name="ref-xmlns" id="ref-xmlns">[XMLNS]</a></dt>

<dd>"<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-xml-names-19990114">Namespaces in XML</a>", T. Bray, D. Hollander, A. Layman, 14 January 1999. 
XML namespaces provide a simple method for qualifying names used in XML documents by associating them with namespaces identified by URI. 
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml-names">Latest version</a> available at: http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml-names</dd>

<dt><a name="ref-xmlc14n" id="ref-xmlc14n">[XMLC14N]</a></dt>

<dd>"<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2001/REC-xml-c14n-20010315">Canonical XML Version 1.0</a>", J. Boyer, 15 March 2001. 
This document describes a method for generating a physical representation, the canonical form, of an XML document. 
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xml-c14n">Latest version</a> available at: http://www.w3.org/TR/xml-c14n</dd>
</dl>
</nowiki></pre>
[http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/#refs XHTML1.0 Spec references]

== CiteProc XHTML Output ==

The XHTML output for CiteProc[http://xbiblio.sourceforge.net/citeproc.html] wasn't designed per se as a microformat, but is probably not a bad place to start. It is desgined to handle a wide range of content. Here is the APA output:

<pre><nowiki>
<div id="bibliography">

<h3>References</h3>


Brenner, N.
 (2000) 
The Urban Question as a Scale Question: Reflections
on Henri Lefebre, Urban Theory and the Politics of Scale, 

International Journal of
Urban and Regional Research, 
24
(2)
, pp. 361–78
.



Newsweek

(2000a
, February
 7)

The Grandmas Pay a Visit, 

135
(6)
, pp. 45
.



van der Veer, P.
 (1996) 
Riots and Rituals: The Construction of Violence
and Public Space in Hindu Nationalism
, In Brass, P. (Ed.).
Riots and Pogroms.
New York
: NYU Press
, pp. 154–76
.

</div>
</nowiki></pre>

== ACM Digital Library Search Result Examples ==

The [http://www.acm.org/dl/ ACM Digital Library] is a heavily used computer science literature database.

First, the markup for one entry from the table of contents page for the ACM TACO (Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization) journal:

<pre>
<nowiki>
<td align="left" class="small-text">
<a href="citation.cfm?id=1113841.1113842&coll=portal&dl=ACM&idx=1113841&part=periodical&WantType=periodical&title=ACM%20Transactions%20on%20Architecture%20and%20Code%20Optimization%20%28TACO%29&CFID=68451946&CFTOKEN=20517650"class="medium-text" target="_self">
Improving WCET by applying a WC code-positioning optimization 
</a>
 
Wankang Zhao, David Whalley, Christopher Healy, Frank Mueller
 
 Pages: 335 - 365
 Full text available: <A HREF="ft_gateway.cfm?id=1113842&type=pdf&coll=portal&dl=ACM&CFID=68451946&CFTOKEN=20517650" target="_blank"><img src="images/pdf_logo.gif" width="16" height="16" hspace="1" alt="pdf format" border="0" align="texttop">Pdf</A>(510 KB)

<div class="smaller-text"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellpadding="0"><tr valign="top"><td class="smaller-text" nowrap>Additional Information:</td>
<td class="smaller-text"><img src="img/doc_blank.gif" width="1" height="16" alt="" border="0" align="texttop">
<A HREF="citation.cfm?id=1113842&jmp=cit&coll=portal&dl=ACM&CFID=68451946&CFTOKEN=20517650#CIT" target="_self">full citation</a>,
<A HREF="citation.cfm?id=1113842&jmp=abstract&coll=portal&dl=ACM&CFID=68451946&CFTOKEN=20517650#abstract" target="_self">abstract</A>,
<A HREF="citation.cfm?id=1113842&jmp=references&coll=portal&dl=ACM&CFID=68451946&CFTOKEN=20517650#references" target="_self"> references</A>,
<A HREF="citation.cfm?id=1113842&jmp=indexterms&coll=portal&dl=ACM&CFID=68451946&CFTOKEN=20517650#indexterms" target="_self"> index terms</A></td></tr></table></div></td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td>
</nowiki>
</pre>

The markup for the 'full citation' page is similar, with a little more information about the authors.

Here's the markup from the 'ACM Ref' link, which apparently is how they suggest you format it:
<pre>
<nowiki>
Zhao, W., Whalley, D., Healy, C., and Mueller, F. 2005.
Improving WCET by applying a WC code-positioning optimization.
ACM Trans. Archit. Code Optim. 2, 4 (Dec. 2005), 335-365.
DOI= http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1113841.1113842
</nowiki>
</pre>

== IEEE IEEExplore Search Results Markup ==

<pre><nowiki>
<td width="96%" class="bodyCopyBlackLargeSpaced" valign="middle">
On the parallel execution time of tiled loops 
Hogstedt, K.; Carter, L.; Ferrante, J. 
<A href='/xpl/RecentIssue.jsp?punumber=71'>Parallel and Distributed Systems, IEEE Transactions on</A> 
Volume: 14

 Issue: 3
 March 2003 
Page(s): 307- 321 
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TPDS.2003.1189587 

<div id="menu0" style="display:block">Summary:  Many
computationally-intensive programs, such as those for differential equations, spatial
interpolation, and dynamic programming, spend a large portion of their execution time in
multiply-nested loops that have a regular stencil of data dependences.....</div>
</td>

</nowiki>
</pre>

== CiteSeer database search results ==

The [http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu CiteSeer] database has been another heavily used Computer Science online resource, and it has minimal markup:

Here's what you see on the main page for a given paper - this information is duplicated everywhere on the page, but this is where it's formatted most like an academic citation:
<pre><nowiki>
Yoshio Kataoka, Michael D. Ernst, William G. Griswold, and David Notkin.
Automated support for program refactoring using invariants. In ICSM, pages 736-- 743,
November 2001. http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/kataoka01automated.html  
<a href="http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/check/1791139">More</a> 

</nowiki>
</pre>

Clicking on the 'More' link in the above text gets you a page with a listing of all the ways they found it written out as a citation in other papers. This is an example of how they mark up each of those entries:

<pre><nowiki>
 
Yoshio Kataoka, Michael D. Ernst, William G. Griswold, and David Notkin.
Automated support for program refactoring using invariants.
In ICSM, pages 736-- 743, November 2001. 
 
</nowiki>
</pre>

== CiteULike.org citation listing ==

[http://www.citeulike.org/ CiteULike] is a shared reference database site that allows organization using tags and ratings. The site imports from many unstructured web resources using mostly screen-scraping plugins (I think --Mike)

Here is an example of the markup for one article on the main page:
<pre><nowiki>
<tr><td colspan="2"><ul><li>
<a class="title" href="/user/jrw/article/505272">Geometric phases in adiabatic open quantum systems</a>
<div class="vague"></div>
<div class="vague">by
<a class="author" href="/user/jrw/author/Sarandy">Sarandy</a> MS, <a class="author" href="/user/jrw/author/Lidar">Lidar</a> DA</div>
<div class="vague">
posted to <a class="tag" rel="tag" href="/user/jrw/tag/geometry">geometry</a> <a class="tag" rel="tag" href="/user/jrw/tag/physics">physics</a> <a class="tag" rel="tag" href="/user/jrw/tag/quantum">quantum</a> <a class="tag" rel="tag" href="/user/jrw/tag/quantum-information">quantum-information</a>
by <a href="/user/jrw">jrw</a>
as <img alt="x"src="http://static.citeulike.org/img/star2.png" />
on 2006-02-14 18:36:22
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</nowiki></pre>

And here is markup from the detail page for another publication:

<pre><nowiki>
<div class="content">

<table border="0"><tr><td width="100%"><h1>T-Coffee: A novel method for fast and accurate multiple sequence alignment.</h1></td><td>
</td></tr></table>
<div class="vague">J Mol Biol, Vol. 302, No. 1. (8 September 2000), pp. 205-217.</div>
 

<h2>Authors</h2>

<ul><li>
<a class="author" href="/user/ffranca/author/Notredame">Notredame</a> C,

<a class="author" href="/user/ffranca/author/Higgins">Higgins</a> DG,

<a class="author" href="/user/ffranca/author/Heringa">Heringa</a> J
</li></ul>

<ul>
</ul>

<table border="0" width="100%">
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<h2>Online Article
<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rfr_id=info:sid/citeulike.org/citeulike&rft.aufirst=&rft_id=info:doi/10%2e1006%2fjmbi%2e2000%2e4042&rft.spage=205&rft.issue=1&rft.aulast=Notredame&rft.title=J+Mol+Biol&rft.epage=217&rft.issn=0022%2d2836&rft.volume=302&rft.auinit=C&rft.atitle=T%2dCoffee%3a+A+novel+method+for+fast+and+accurate+multiple+sequence+alignment%2e&date=2000-9-8&rft.genre=article&genre=article">

</h2>
</td>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<ul>

<li>DOI: <a accesskey="1" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jmbi.2000.4042" rel="nofollow">View article online</a></li>
<li>Pubmed: <a accesskey="2" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10964570" rel="nofollow">View article online</a></li>

<li>Hubmed: <a accesskey="3" href="http://www.hubmed.org/display.cgi?uids=10964570" rel="nofollow">View article online</a></li>

</ul>

</td>
</tr>
</table>
</nowiki>
</pre>
== Citeproc XHTML output ==

I'm the author of the [http://xbiblio.sourceforge.net/citeproc.html citeproc] project, which includes a micro-format of sorts (though I never thought of it as such) in its XHTML output mode. See [http://xbiblio.sourceforge.net/examples/apa-en.html here] for an example. The difference compared to the bibtex-derived model is that is a) more generic and b) hierachical.

It would be possible, certainly, to do a flat model if for some reason there was a good technical reason not to go hierarchical (though is there?)

'''The burden of proof is on *going* hierarchical, rather than a simpler flat solution. Complexity must be justified, not simplicity.'''

Why is hierarchy necessarily complex? I'd argue just the opposite.

... but then you need to think outside the BibTeX box in any case. Any model of this sort ought to be able to handle legal citations, magazine articles, patents, etc. etc.; not just a narrow range of BibTeX types.

'''Per the microformats [[process]], microformats are designed to support existing practice on the Web, anything else should be omitted from at least the first version.'''

And the problem with focusing on existing practice is it becomes self-fulfilling. I'm not saying you need to cover everything upfront, but the basic model needs to be designed in such a way that it can be easily extended to do just that. Just focusing on existing practices as manifest, for example, in BibTeX, will not get you that.

== Styles ==
This does NOT define a format, but instead shows how the format should be displayed. This is something out of the direct scope of this project. CSS styles will handle the look-and-feel of the text, and the author can put it in any order they choose. These links are mentioned for two reasons, one is informative, the other is so we know at least meet the minimum properties that are used in the styles.

* [http://www.liu.edu/cwis/cwp/library/workshop/citmla.htm MLA Style]
* [http://www.bu.edu/library/guides/citation.html Chicago, MLA, and APA styles]
* [http://www.legalbluebook.com/ Blue Book] for legal citations
* [http://www.columbia.edu/cu/cup/cgos/idx_basic.html Columbia University Citation Style] developed for modern internet citations

citation-examples

2005-12-21T15:28:48Z

BDarcus: /* Example Citation Formats */

= Example Citation Formats =
The following examples are real world examples that been pulled from places around the web. Please add to this list. The idea is that we get a solid sample of examples and see what commonalities there are amonst them and try to build this microformat so that it can meet 80% of all the possible properties.

== RFC vCard Example ==
<pre><nowiki>
9. References

[ISO 8601] ISO 8601:1988 - Data elements and interchange formats -
Information interchange - Representation of dates and
times - The International Organization for
Standardization, June, 1988.

[ISO 8601 TC] ISO 8601, Technical Corrigendum 1 - Data elements and
interchange formats - Information interchange -
Representation of dates and times - The International
Organization for Standardization, May, 1991.

[ISO 9070] ISO 9070, Information Processing - SGML support
facilities - Registration Procedures for Public Text
Owner Identifiers, April, 1991.

[CCITT E.163] Recommendation E.163 - Numbering Plan for The
International Telephone Service, CCITT Blue Book,
Fascicle II.2, pp. 128-134, November, 1988.

[CCITT X.121] Recommendation X.121 - International Numbering Plan for
Public Data Networks, CCITT Blue Book, Fascicle VIII.3,
pp. 317-332, November, 1988.

[CCITT X.520] Recommendation X.520 - The Directory - Selected
Attribute Types, November 1988.

[CCITT X.521] Recommendation X.521 - The Directory - Selected Object
Classes, November 1988.

[MIME-DIR] Howes, T., Smith, M., and F. Dawson, "A MIME Content-
Type for Directory Information", RFC 2425, September
1998.

[RFC 1738] Berners-Lee, T., Masinter, L., and M. McCahill,
"Uniform Resource Locators (URL)", RFC 1738, December
1994.

[RFC 1766] Alvestrand, H., "Tags for the Identification of
Languages", RFC 1766, March 1995.

[RFC 1872] Levinson, E., "The MIME Multipart/Related Content-
type", RFC 1872, December 1995.

[RFC 2045] Freed, N., and N. Borenstein, "Multipurpose Internet
Mail Extensions (MIME) - Part One: Format of Internet
Message Bodies", RFC 2045, November 1996.

[RFC 2046] Freed, N., and N. Borenstein, "Multipurpose Internet
Mail Extensions (MIME) - Part Two: Media Types", RFC
2046, November 1996.

[RFC 2047] Moore, K., "Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions
(MIME) - Part Three: Message Header Extensions for
Non-ASCII Text", RFC 2047, November 1996.

[RFC 2048] Freed, N., Klensin, J., and J. Postel, "Multipurpose
Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) - Part Four:
Registration Procedures", RFC 2048, January 1997.

[RFC 2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

[RFC 2234] Crocker, D., and P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for Syntax
Specifications: ABNF", RFC 2234, November 1997.

[UNICODE] "The Unicode Standard - Version 2.0", The Unicode
Consortium, July 1996.

[VCARD] Internet Mail Consortium, "vCard - The Electronic
Business Card Version 2.1",
http://www.imc.org/pdi/vcard-21.txt, September 18,
1996.
</nowiki></pre>
[http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc2426.html vCard RFC]

== W3C XHTML Spec Example ==
<pre><nowiki>
<h1><a name="refs" id="refs">E.</a> References</h1>

This appendix is informative.

<dl>
<dt><a name="ref-css2" id="ref-css2">[CSS2]</a></dt>

<dd>"<cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-CSS2-19980512">Cascading Style Sheets, level 2 (CSS2) Specification</a></cite>", B. Bos, H. W. Lie, C. Lilley, I. Jacobs, 12 May 1998. 
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-CSS2">Latest version</a> available at: http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-CSS2</dd>

<dt><a name="ref-dom" id="ref-dom">[DOM]</a></dt>

<dd>"<cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-DOM-Level-1-19981001">Document Object Model (DOM) Level 1 Specification</a></cite>", Lauren Wood et al., 1 October
1998. 
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-DOM-Level-1">Latest version</a> available at: http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-DOM-Level-1</dd>

<dt><a name="ref-dom2" id="ref-dom2">[DOM2]</a></dt>

<dd>"<cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/REC-DOM-Level-2-Core-20001113">Document Object Model (DOM) Level 2 Core Specification</a></cite>", A. Le Hors, et
al., 13 November 2000. 
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-2-Core">Latest version</a> available at: http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-2-Core</dd>

<dt><a name="ref-html4" id="ref-html4">[HTML]</a></dt>

<dd>"<cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-html401-19991224">HTML 4.01 Specification</a></cite>", D. Raggett, A. Le Hors, I. Jacobs, 24 December 1999. 
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/html401">Latest version</a> available at: http://www.w3.org/TR/html401</dd>

<dt><a name="ref-posix.1" id="ref-posix.1">[POSIX.1]</a></dt>

<dd>"<cite>ISO/IEC 9945-1:1990 Information Technology - Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX) - Part 1: System Application Program Interface (API) [C Language]</cite>", Institute of Electrical
and Electronics Engineers, Inc, 1990.</dd>

<dt><a id="ref-rfc2045" name="ref-rfc2045">[RFC2045]</a></dt>

<dd>"<cite><a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2045.txt">Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) Part One: Format of Internet Message Bodies</a></cite>", N. Freed and N. Borenstein, November
1996. Note that this RFC obsoletes RFC1521, RFC1522, and RFC1590.</dd>

<dt><a name="ref-rfc2046" id="ref-rfc2046">[RFC2046]</a></dt>

<dd>"<cite><a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2046.txt">RFC2046: Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) Part Two: Media Types</a></cite>", N. Freed and N. Borenstein, November 1996. 
Available at <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2046.txt">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2046.txt</a>. Note that this RFC obsoletes RFC1521, RFC1522, and RFC1590.</dd>

<dt><a name="ref-rfc2119" id="ref-rfc2119">[RFC2119]</a></dt>

<dd>"<cite><a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2119.txt">RFC2119: Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels</a></cite>", S. Bradner, March 1997. 
Available at: http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2119.txt</dd>

<dt><a name="ref-rfc2376" id="ref-rfc2376">[RFC2376]</a></dt>

<dd>"<cite><a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2376.txt">RFC2376: XML Media Types</a></cite>", E. Whitehead, M. Murata, July 1998. 
This document is obsoleted by [<a href="#ref-rfc3023">RFC3023</a>]. 
Available at: http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2376.txt</dd>

<dt><a name="ref-rfc2396" id="ref-rfc2396">[RFC2396]</a></dt>

<dd>"<cite><a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2396.txt">RFC2396: Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic Syntax</a></cite>", T. Berners-Lee, R. Fielding, L. Masinter, August 1998. 
This document updates RFC1738 and RFC1808. 
Available at: http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2396.txt</dd>

<dt><a name="ref-rfc2854" id="ref-rfc2854">[RFC2854]</a></dt>

<dd>"<cite><a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2854.txt">RFC2854: The text/html Media Type</a></cite>", D. Conolly, L. Masinter, June 2000. 
Available at: http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2854.txt</dd>

<dt><a name="ref-rfc3023" id="ref-rfc3023">[RFC3023]</a></dt>

<dd>"<cite><a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3023.txt">RFC3023: XML Media Types</a></cite>", M. Murata, S. St.Laurent, D. Kohn, January 2001. 
This document obsoletes [<a href="#ref-rfc2376">RFC2376</a>]. 
Available at: http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3023.txt</dd>

<dt><a id="ref-rfc3066" name="ref-rfc3066">[RFC3066]</a></dt>

<dd>"<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3066.txt">Tags for the Identification of Languages</a>", H. Alvestrand, January 2001. 
Available at: http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3066.txt</dd>

<dt><a id="ref-rfc3236" name="ref-rfc3236">[RFC3236]</a></dt>

<dd>"<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3236.txt">The 'application/xhtml+xml' Media Type</a>", M. Baker, P. Stark, January 2002. 
Available at: http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3236.txt</dd>

<dt><a id="ref-xhtml-mathml" name="ref-xhtml-mathml">[XHTML+MathML]</a></dt>

<dd><cite>"<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/MathML2/dtd/xhtml-math11-f.dtd">XHTML plus Math 1.1 <abbr title="Document Type Definition">DTD</abbr></a></cite>", "A.2 MathML as a DTD Module", Mathematical
Markup Language (MathML) Version 2.0. Available at: http://www.w3.org/TR/MathML2/dtd/xhtml-math11-f.dtd</dd>

<dt><a id="ref-xhtmlmime" name="ref-xhtmlmime">[XHTMLMIME]</a></dt>

<dd>"<cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2002/NOTE-xhtml-media-types-20020801">XHTML Media Types</a></cite>", Masayasu Ishikawa, 1 August 2002. 
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml-media-types">Latest version</a> available at: http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml-media-types</dd>

<dt><a id="ref-xhtmlmod" name="ref-xhtmlmod">[XHTMLMOD]</a></dt>

<dd>"<cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2001/REC-xhtml-modularization-20010410">Modularization of XHTML</a></cite>", M. Altheim et al., 10 April 2001. 
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml-modularization">Latest version</a> available at: http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml-modularization</dd>

<dt><a name="ref-xml" id="ref-xml">[XML]</a></dt>

<dd>"<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/REC-xml-20001006">Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0 Specification (Second Edition)</a>", T. Bray, J. Paoli, C. M. Sperberg-McQueen, E. Maler, 6 October
2000. 
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml">Latest version</a> available at: http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml</dd>

<dt><a name="ref-xmlns" id="ref-xmlns">[XMLNS]</a></dt>

<dd>"<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-xml-names-19990114">Namespaces in XML</a>", T. Bray, D. Hollander, A. Layman, 14 January 1999. 
XML namespaces provide a simple method for qualifying names used in XML documents by associating them with namespaces identified by URI. 
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml-names">Latest version</a> available at: http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml-names</dd>

<dt><a name="ref-xmlc14n" id="ref-xmlc14n">[XMLC14N]</a></dt>

<dd>"<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2001/REC-xml-c14n-20010315">Canonical XML Version 1.0</a>", J. Boyer, 15 March 2001. 
This document describes a method for generating a physical representation, the canonical form, of an XML document. 
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xml-c14n">Latest version</a> available at: http://www.w3.org/TR/xml-c14n</dd>
</dl>
</nowiki></pre>
[http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/#refs XHTML1.0 Spec references]

== CiteProc XHTML Output ==

The XHTML output for CiteProc[http://xbiblio.sourceforge.net/citeproc.html] wasn't designed per se as a microformat, but is probably not a bad place to start. It is desgined to handle a wide range of content. Here is the APA output:

<pre><nowiki>
<div id="bibliography">

<h3>References</h3>


Brenner, N.
 (2000) 
The Urban Question as a Scale Question: Reflections
on Henri Lefebre, Urban Theory and the Politics of Scale, 

International Journal of
Urban and Regional Research, 
24
(2)
, pp. 361–78
.



Newsweek

(2000a
, February
 7)

The Grandmas Pay a Visit, 

135
(6)
, pp. 45
.



van der Veer, P.
 (1996) 
Riots and Rituals: The Construction of Violence
and Public Space in Hindu Nationalism
, In Brass, P. (Ed.).
Riots and Pogroms.
New York
: NYU Press
, pp. 154–76
.

</div>
</nowiki></pre>

= Styles =
This does NOT define a format, but instead shows how the format should be displayed. This is something out of the direct scope of this project. CSS styles will handle the look-and-feel of the text, and the author can put it in any order they choose. These links are mentioned for two reasons, one is informative, the other is so we know atleast meet the minimum properties that are used in the styles.

* [http://www.liu.edu/cwis/cwp/library/workshop/citmla.htm MLA Style]
* [http://www.bu.edu/library/guides/citation.html Chicago, MLA, and APA styles]
* [http://www.legalbluebook.com/ Blue Book] for legal citations
* [http://www.columbia.edu/cu/cup/cgos/idx_basic.html Columbia University Citation Style] developed for modern internet citations