semantic-xhtml-design-principles

Semantic XHTML Design Principles

Note: the Semantic XHTML Design Principles were written primarily within the context of developing hCard and hCalendar, thus it may be easier to understand these principles in the context of the hCard design methodology (i.e. read that first). Tantek

XHTML is built on XML, and thus XHTML based formats can be used not only for convenient display presentation, but also for general purpose data exchange. In many ways, XHTML based formats exemplify the best of both HTML and XML worlds. However, when building XHTML based formats, it helps to have a guiding set of principles.

1. Reuse the schema (names, objects, properties, values, types, hierarchies, constraints) as much as possible from pre-existing, established, well-supported standards by reference. Avoid restating constraints expressed in the source standard. Informative mentions are ok.
   1. For types with multiple components, use nested elements with class names equivalent to the names of the components.
   2. Plural components are made singular, and thus multiple nested elements are used to represent multiple text values that are comma-delimited.
2. Use the most accurately precise semantic XHTML building block for each object etc.
3. Otherwise use a generic structural element (e.g. <span> or <div>), or the appropriate contextual element (e.g. an <li> inside a <ul> or <ol>).
4. Use class names based on names from the original schema, unless the semantic XHTML building block precisely represents that part of the original schema. If names in the source schema are case-insensitive, then use an all lowercase equivalent. Components names implicit in prose (rather than explicit in the defined schema) should also use lowercase equivalents for ease of use. Spaces in component names become dash '-' characters.
5. Finally, if the format of the data according to the original schema is too long and/or not human-friendly, use <abbr> instead of a generic structural element, and place the literal data into the 'title' attribute (where abbr expansions go), and the more brief and human readable equivalent into the element itself. Further informative explanation of this use of <abbr>: Human vs. ISO8601 dates problem solved

Semantic XHTML and Microformats

(from Tantek Çelik on the microformats-discuss mailing list)

Note that microformats use semantic XHTML, but not all use of semantic XHTML are microformats.

Web designers and authors are using semantic XHTML everyday without using microformats, and that's perfectly fine. They are not trying to create standards and interoperably/automatically exchange data with each other. They are simply expressing the semantics of their documents.

Whereas microformats follow a specific process and are intended to provide a way for publishers worldwide to easily interoperably exchange simple bits of data.

http://microformats.org/wiki/process

This distinction between "semantic XHTML" and "microformats" is very important to understand and is often confused - I've even seen W3C staff themselves call microformats "just using good class names", which is incorrect. (Using good class names is simply one of the practices of semantic XHTML).