Citation Formats

This page will display several different types of citation format types. The idea is to compare what properties are common amonst all of the formats and which ones should be blended into this microformat.

Comparison chart

The following chart maps the terms from one implementation to another. This is important because if all the properties are introduced to this microformats, then its possible to map them to a number of different formats. The table currently only uses Dublin Core, MODS, and bibTeX. Each column has all the properties and their equivalent in each format. If there is no corresponding property the cell is grey. At the bottom of the list are the unique terms to each format. Dublin core has basic terms and terms that extend the basic ones. If the property is an extention of a basic term it is in ()'s. MODS uses XML, so any sub-properties are listed in their tree form, property/sub-property.

THIS IS NOT DEFINIATIVE, any errors should be corrected. More formats will be added to the list as they are mapped.

Dublin Core	MODS	bibTeX	Z39.80
Title (alternative)	titleInfo/title titleInfo/PartNum	booktitle title chapter number pages volume series	Analytic Title Collective or Series Title Monographic Title Work Fraction Title Location of Conference Main Entry Name of Conference Number of Meeting Other Title Parallel Title Title Abbriviation Title of Conference Proceedings Translated Title Uniform Title Abbriviated Translated Title Symposium or Session Title Collective or Series Edition Video/Film Edition
creator	name/namePart	author creator	Author, Primary Corporate Author, Primary Abstract Author Authorship Statement Acknowledged Supporters Assignee for Patents Chairperson of Conference Director of AV Program Other Author Reviewed Book Author Studio Sponsor of Conference Staff/Cast Symposium Chairperson Author Address or Affiliation Author Country Electronic Address of Author
subject	subject/topic	keywords	needs mapping
Description (abstract \| tableOfContents)	abstract note tableOfContents	abstract annotation note contents	needs mapping
Contributor	name	editor?	Book/Report/Volume Editor Producer Translator
Date (available \| created \| dateAccepted \| dateCopyrighted \| dateSubmitted \| issued \| modified \| valid)	originInfo/dateIssued originInfo/dateCreated originInfo/dateCaptured originInfo/dateOther	month year	Copyright Year Date-generic Date of conference Date of Publication Date of Update/Revisou/Issuance of Database Record Former Date Entry date for Database Record Database Update Year of Publication
Type	typeOfResource genre	@class type	needs mapping
Format (extent \| medium)	physicalDescription/internetMediaType physicalDescription/extent physicalDescription/form	howpublished	needs mapping
identifier (bibliographicCitation)	identifier	ISBN ISSN LCCN URL	ISBN Identifier Report Identfier ISSN
Source	relatedItem		needs mapping
language	language	language
Relation (...)	relatedItem/...	crossRef	needs mapping
Coverage (spacial \| temporal)	subject/temporal subject/geographic subject/hierarchicalGeographic subject/cartographics		needs mapping
	classifications		needs mapping
Rights (accessRights \| license)	accessConditions	copyright	needs mapping
publisher		publisher	Publisher Name Place of Publication Country of Publication Generic Address
audience (educationLevel \| mediator)	targetAudience		needs mapping
accualMethod accualPeriodicaty accualPolicy instrcutionalMethod provenance rightsHolder	location extension recordInfo	address afflilication location edition institution journal key mrnumber organization price school size	(the following need to be mapped to the above rows or left here as other) Database Source Databse Record Identifier Database Producer Name Rights Management Subfile Other Source Identifier Vendor Record Identifier Database Vendor Name Column Number Edition Frequency of Publication Internet Location for Document Supplement/Part/Special number identifer Issue Identifier Location in Work Number of the Chapter Number in Series Volume Identifier Section Indentifier

Dublin Core Metadata

Dublin Core metadata uses a small vocabulary to descibe the data.

contributor
coverage
creator
date
description
format
identifier
language
publisher
relation
rights
source
subject
title
type

From those there are specialised types where are just refinments of the previous, for example:

abstract refines description.
accessRights refines rights

Guidelines for Encoding Bibliographic Citation Information in Dublin Core Metadata

MODS (Metadata Object Description Schema)

This is a format developed for the Libray of Congress for a bibliographic element set that may be used for a variety of purposes, and particularly for library applications.

http://www.loc.gov/standards/mods/

(the schema is very big, once i devote the proper time to review it, i will post more about the structure -brian)

XMLResume

<!ELEMENT pubs (pub+)>
<!ENTITY % pubElements "(artTitle|bookTitle|author|date|pubDate|publisher|pageNums|url)">
<!ELEMENT pub (para | %pubElements;)*>
<!ATTLIST pub id ID #IMPLIED>
<!ELEMENT artTitle (#PCDATA | link)*>
<!ELEMENT bookTitle (#PCDATA | link)*>
<!ELEMENT author (#PCDATA)>
<!ATTLIST author name IDREF #IMPLIED>
<!ELEMENT pubDate (month?, year)> <!-- Deprecated in 1.4.0. -->
<!ELEMENT publisher (#PCDATA | link | url)*>
<!ELEMENT pageNums (#PCDATA)>

BibTeX

Fields Used by Bibtex

abstract:	An abstract of the work.
address:	Publisher's address. For major publishing houses, just the city is given. For small publishers, you can help the reader by giving the complete address.
affiliation:	The author's affiliation.
annote:	An annotation. It is not used by he standard bibliography styles, but may be used by others that produce an annotated bibliography.
author:	The name(s) of the author(s).
booktitle:	Title of a book, part of which is being cited. For book entries, use the title field instead.
chapter:	A chapter (or section) number.
contents:	A Table of Contents.
copyright:	Copyright information.
crossref:	The database key of the entry being cross-referenced.
edition:	The edition of a book - for example "Second". Notice that it is in capitals.
editor:	Name(s) of editor(s). If there is also an author field, then the editor field gives the editor of the book or collection in which the reference appears.
howpublished:	How something strange has been published. The first word should be capitalized.
institution:	The sponsoring institution of a technical report.
ISBN:	The International Standard Book Number.
ISSN:	The International Standard Serial Number. Used to identify a journal.
journal:	A journal name. Abbreviations are provided for many journals.
key:	Used for alphabetizing and creating a label when the author and editor fields are missing. This field should not be confused with the key that appears at the beginning of the reference.
keywords:	Key words used for searching or possibly for annotation.
language:	The language the document is written in.
LCCN:	The Library of Congress Call Number.
location:	A location associated with the entry, such as the city in which a conference took place.
month:	The month in which the work was published or, for an unpublished work, in which it was written.
mrnumber:	The Mathematical Reviews number.
note:	Any additional information that can help the reader. First word should be capitalized.
number:	The number of a journal, magazine, technical report, or of a work in a series. An issue of a journal or magazine is usually identified by its volume and number; the organization that issues a technical report usually gives it a number; and sometimes books are given numbers in a named series.
organization:	The organization that sponsors a conference or publishes a manual.
pages:	One or more page numbers or ranges of number, such as 37--42, or 7,53,82--94.
price:	The price of the material.
publisher:	The publisher's name.
school:	The name of the school where a thesis was written.
series:	Then name given a series or set of books. When citing an entire book, the title field gives its title and the optional series field gives the name of a series in which the book was published.
size:	The physical dimensions of the work.
title:	The work's title.
type:	The type of technical report - for example, "Research Note".
url:	The WWW Universal Resource Locator that points to the item being referenced. Often used for technical reports to point to the FTP site where it resides.
volume:	The volume of a journal or multivolume book.
year:	The year of publication or, for an unpublished work, the year it was written. It should only consist of numerals, such as 1976.

BibTeX citation Types

A reference can be to any of a variety of types. Following is a list of types. Each one also explains the fields associated with that type. Any fields not listed as required or optional are considered to be ignored.

article:	An article from a journal or magazine. Required fields: author, title, journal, year. Optional fields: volume, number, pages, month, note, key.
book:	A book with an explicit publisher. Required fields: author or editor, title, publisher, year. Optional fields: volume, series, address, edition, month, note, key.
booklet:	A work that is printed and bound, but without a named publisher or sponsoring institution. Required fields: title. Optional fields: author, howpublished, address, month, year, note, key.
collection:	A collection of works. Same as Proceedings.
conference:	The same as Inproceedings.
inbook:	A part of a book, which may be a chapter and/or arange of pages. Required fields: author or editor, title, chapter and/or pages, publisher, year. Optional fields: volumer, series, address, edition, month, note, key.
incollection:	A part of a book with its own title. Required fields: author, title, booktitle, publisher, year. Optional fields: editor, pages, organization, publisher, address, month, note, key.
inproceedings:	An article in a conference proceedings. Required fields: author, title, booktitle, year. Optional fields: editor, pages, organization, publisher, address, month, note, key.
manual:	Technical documentation. Required fields: title. Optional fields: author, organization, address, edition, month, year, note.
mastersthesis:	A Master's thesis. Required fields: author, title, school, year. Optional fields: address, month, note, key.
misc:	Use this type when nothing else fits. Required fields: none. Optional fields: author, title, howpublished, month, year, note, key.
patent:	A patent.
phdthesis:	A Ph.D. thesis. Required fields: author, title, school, year. Optional fields: address, month, note, key.
proceedings:	The proceedings of a conference. Required fields: title, year. Optional fields: editor, publisher, organization, address, month, note, key.
techreport:	A report published by a school or other institution, usually numbered within a series. Required fields: author, title, institution, year. Optional fields: type, number, address, month, note, key.
unpublished:	A document with an author and title, but not formally published. Required fields: author, title, note. Optional fields: month, year, key.

Examples

@book{kn:gnus,

AUTHOR = "Donald E. Knudson",
TITLE = "1966 World Gnus Almanac",
PUBLISHER = {Permafrost Press},
ADDRESS = {Novosibirsk} }

<div class="book" id="kn:gnus">
  <div class="author">Donald E. Knudson</div>
  <div class="title">1966 World Gnus Almanac</div>
  <div class="publisher">Permafrost Press</div>
  <div class="address">Novosibirsk</div>
</div>


@article{XAi_HSCheng_1994a,

author = "X. Ai and H. S. Cheng",
title = "Influence of moving dent on point {EHL} contacts",
journal = "Tribol. Trans.",
volume = "37",
year = "1994",
pages = "323--335",
}

<div class="article" id="XAi_HSCheng_1994a">
  <div class="author">X. Ai and H. S. Cheng</div>
  <div class="title">Influence of moving dent on point {EHL} contacts</div>
  <div class="journal">Tribol. Trans.</div>
  <div class="volume">37</div>
  <div class="year">1994</div>
  <div class="pages">323--335</div>
</div>

OpenURL

OpenURL aka Z39.88 defines a standard way of bundling citation data in a URL. It is widely deployed in academic libraries around the world to provide access to licensed content via link resolvers such as SFX. The Context Object in Span (COinS) community standard represents one way to embed OpenURLs in XHTML without including a resolver target.


<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.issn=1045-4438"></span>

As you can see this isn't very much like semantic XHTML at all. However significant work has gone into defining the set of Key/Encoded Values (KEVs) that can be used in various types of citations: book, dissertation, journal, patent. It would be possible to simply provide a standard XHTML bundling for these keys as a microformat.

Example



<div class="openurl-journal">
   <span class="aulast">Berners-Lee</span>, 
   <span class="aufirst">Tim</a>; Hendler, James; Lassila, Ora.</span>
   "<span class="atitle">The Semantic Web</span>". 
   <span class="jtitle">Scientific American</span>
   <span class="volume">284</span>(<span class="issue">5</span>), pp.
   pp. <span class="pages">34-43</span>. 
   <span class="issn">0036-8733</span>
</div>

Using OpenURL in this way would enable third party applications that could, say grab citation metadata from a blog, and without much work fire it off at your university's or public libraries openurl resolver to see if the article is available via a licensed databases. The benefits have been noted elsewhere.

The OpenURL Briefly Explained

An OpenURL consists of two independent parts: the ContextObject (or the bibliographic metadata surrounding a citation) and the location of resolver to parse the metadata and present contextual services based on said metadata. The problem is that the term "OpenURL" is also used as a catch-all for all of the independent parts and how they work. This is mainly because it's a catchier term than "Z39.88", which is the NISO standard all this is based upon.

The most common representation of the OpenURL ContextObject is seen as arguments in a URL string (which is referred to as "San Antonio Profile 1" -- more commonly SAP1 -- and is represented in Key Encoded Values -- KEVs). This "representation" is independent of the ContextObject (from here on known as CO) itself and is only intended to permit the CO to be transmitted via an HTTP GET request.

There is also SAP2, which is an XML representation of the CO (see: here for more information) and is a much more human readable format. This still falls outside the scope of microformats, but makes the point that encoding has nothing to do with the CO itself. They are just agreed upon means of conveying the CO to enable machines act upon them consistently.

The ContextObject could be conveyed just as easily in XHTML using attributes, as long as the terms follow the vocabulary defined in the OpenURL framework. The important thing to focus on here is the ContextObject -- the address of the link resolver is institution-specific and should be handled by a user's (or machine's) activating agent.

However, the link resolver is still a very important component to this whole process. Getting users "appropriate copy" is a very real (and very difficult) problem that libraries are trying to solve. Link resolvers are a pretty efficient means of overcoming this hurdle, so it would make sense to mark up bibiographic citations in a way that link resolvers can easily parse.

Z39.80

I'm not sure the best place for a guide to Z39.80 so please add links as you see fit:

http://www.niso.org/standards/resources/drft4rev.html

DocBook

A subset of the DocBook vocabulary is dedicated to representing a bibliography: http://www.docbook.org/tdg/en/html/bibliography.html

<!DOCTYPE bibliography PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.1.2//EN"
          "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.1.2/docbookx.dtd">
<bibliography>
  <title>Languages and Semantics</title>
  <bibliodiv>
    <title>Books</title>
    <biblioentry>
      <title>Course in General Linguistics</title>
      <abbrev>deSaussure59</abbrev>
      <author><firstname>Ferdinand</firstname><surname>de Saussure</surname></author>
      <editor><firstname>Charles</firstname><surname>Bally</surname></editor>
      <editor><firstname>Albert</firstname><surname>Sechehaye</surname></editor>
      <othercredit role="translator"><firstname>Wade</firstname><surname>Baskin</surname></othercredit>
      <copyright>
        <year>1959</year>
        <holder>The Philosophical Library Inc.</holder>
      </copyright>
      <isbn>07-016524-6</isbn>
      <publisher>
        <publishername>McGraw-Hill Book Company</publishername>
      </publisher>  
    </biblioentry>
  </bibliodiv>
</bibliography>

Ann Arbor District Library XML feed

Here's a record in XML format from their project to simplify access to the catalog. More discussion on John Blyberg's blog.


<p:Record>
  <callnum>823 Bu</callnum>
  <author>Burkart, Gina, 1971-</author>
  <fulltitle>A parent's guide to Harry Potter / Gina Burkart</fulltitle>
  <title>A parent's guide to Harry Potter </title>
  <pubinfo>Downers Grove, Ill. : InterVarsity Press, c2005</pubinfo>
  <desc>112 p</desc>
  <bibliography>Includes bibliographical references</bibliography>
  <contents>
    The Harry hype -- More than a story -- The modern fairy tale -- Discussing fantasy with children --
    Morals, not magic -- The real issues in Harry Potter -- Dealing with traumatic experiences -- Facing 
    fears -- Battling bullies -- Delving into diversity -- Hiding hurts -- Letting go of anger -- Getting 
    help -- Choosing good over evil -- The power of love -- Facing spiritual battles
  </contents>
  <isbn>0830832882</isbn>
  <price>$11.00</price>
  <lang>eng</lang>
  <copies>0</copies>
  <catdate>08-16-2005</catdate>
  <mattype>a</mattype>
  <avail>No copies available</avail>
  <recordlink xlink:href="http://www.aadl.org/cat/seek/record=1249810"/>
</p:Record>

SimpleDC supported by the zoom toolkit


<dc xmlns="http/www.loc.gov/zing/srw/dcschema/v1.0/">
 <title>Kantor Salomon Sulzer und seine Zeit : eine Dokumentation /</title>
 <creator>Avenary, Hanoch.</creator>
 <creator>Pass, Walter.</creator>
 <creator>Vielmetti, Nikolaus.</creator>
 <creator>Adler, Israel, (1925-)</creator>
 <subject>Sulzer, Salomon, -- 1804-1890.</subject>
 <subject>Jewish composers -- Austria -- Biography.</subject>
 <subject>Cantors, Jewish -- Biography.</subject>
 <date>1985</date>
 <publisher>Sigmaringen : Jan Thorbecke Verlag</publisher>
 <identifier>3799540636</identifier>
 <description>300 p., [12] p. of plates : ill., music, ports. ; 24 cm.</description>
</dc>

this is the output of marc.toSimpleDC()

SRU from the Library of Congress

http://z3950.loc.gov:7090/voyager?version=1.1&operation=searchRetrieve&query=dinosaur&maximumRecords=1&recordSchema=dc


<?xml version="1.0"?>
<zs:searchRetrieveResponse xmlns:zs="http://www.loc.gov/zing/srw/">
  <zs:version>1.1</zs:version>
  <zs:numberOfRecords>1701</zs:numberOfRecords>
  <zs:records>
    <zs:record>
      <zs:recordSchema>info:srw/schema/1/dc-v1.1</zs:recordSchema>
      <zs:recordPacking>xml</zs:recordPacking>
      <zs:recordData>
        <srw_dc:dc xmlns:srw_dc="info:srw/schema/1/dc-schema" 
             xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" 
             xmlns="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" 
             xsi:schemaLocation="info:srw/schema/1/dc-schema http://www.loc.gov/z3950/agency/zing/srw/dc-schema.xsd">
          <title>3-D dinosaur adventure [computer file].</title>
          <creator>Knowledge Adventure, Inc.</creator>
          <type>software, multimedia</type>
          <publisher>Glendale, CA : Knowledge Adventure,</publisher>

          <date>c1995.</date>
          <language>eng</language>
          <description>Employs a dinosaur theme-park setting to introduce users to Triassic, Jurassic, and 
            Cretaceous periods. Features hypertext dinosaur encyclopedia covering 150 million years of 
            paleontology. Includes animated video simulations, three-dimensional dinosaur museum, narration,
            games, activities, and color illustrations.</description>
          <description>Ages 5 to 10.</description>
          <description>System requirements for PC: 486SX/25MHz processor or higher; 8MB RAM; Windows 3.1, 
            3.11, or 95; SVGA 256-color graphics adapter; hard drive with 5MB free space; double-speed CD-ROM
            drive; MPC-compatible sound card; mouse.</description>
          <description>System requirements for Macintosh: 68040 or Power PC processor; 8MB RAM; System 7.0 or
            higher; 256-color graphics capability; thirteen-inch color monitor or larger; hard drive with 4MB
            free space; double-speed CD-ROM drive.</description>
            
          <description>Ages 5 to 10.</description>
          <description>Employs a dinosaur theme-park setting to introduce users to Triassic, Jurassic, and 
            Cretaceous periods. Features hypertext dinosaur encyclopedia covering 150 million years of paleontology.
            Includes animated video simulations, three-dimensional dinosaur museum, narration, games, activities, 
            and color illustrations.</description>
          <subject>Dinosaurs--Juvenile software.</subject>
          <subject>Dinosaurs.</subject>
          <identifier>URN:ISBN:1569972133</identifier>
        </srw_dc:dc>
      </zs:recordData>
      <zs:recordPosition>1</zs:recordPosition>
    </zs:record>
  </zs:records>
</zs:searchRetrieveResponse>

Types and Roles

(Section is informative only as a place to capture various parts of publication citations.)

There are many different types of publications and this information should be captured in the citation. Possible types include:

Novel/fiction (specify type -- literature, sci-fi, romance, etc.?)
Non-fiction
Poem
Play
Magazine
Reference (seperate out encyclopedia, dictionary, almanac, etc.?)
Journal
Article within a journal
Chapter within a book
Dissertation
Web Site
Page within a web site
Music Recording
Video Recording
Interview
Physical object (Statue, Painting, etc.)
??

Question: Certain works have specific types of citations, for example, the Bible--and, I assume, other religious works--have very specific citation formats with different relevant information (chapter/verse) than others, as do the works of Shakespeare. Should these be considered seperate types/roles?

A: I think in terms of types, we should at least note the items (chapter, verse, etc). How they get dealt with is still way up in the air. - Tim White

Likewise, there are several different roles associated with publications -- author, co-author, editor, translator, etc. Should these be captured under a master "role" or treated as individual elements?

A: Good question. I think there is an important distinction, but whether we follow a design pattern of "role-*" (or more likely "author-*) or some other pattern hasn't been discussed yet. - Tim

citation-formats

Contents

Citation Formats

Comparison chart

Dublin Core Metadata

MODS (Metadata Object Description Schema)

XMLResume

BibTeX

Fields Used by Bibtex

BibTeX citation Types

Examples

OpenURL

Example

The OpenURL Briefly Explained

Z39.80

DocBook

Ann Arbor District Library XML feed

SimpleDC supported by the zoom toolkit

SRU from the Library of Congress

Types and Roles

Navigation menu

citation-formats

Citation Formats

Comparison chart

Dublin Core Metadata

MODS (Metadata Object Description Schema)

XMLResume

BibTeX

Fields Used by Bibtex

BibTeX citation Types

Examples

OpenURL

Example

The OpenURL Briefly Explained

Z39.80

DocBook

Ann Arbor District Library XML feed

SimpleDC supported by the zoom toolkit

SRU from the Library of Congress

Types and Roles

Navigation menu

Search