hcard-zh

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<entry-title>hCard 1.0</entry-title> hCard是一種用來表現人、公司、組織及地點的簡單、開放、分佈式的格式，它在語義的HTML或XHTML使用vCard (RFC2426)以1:1實現，hCard是幾個適合嵌入HTML、XHTML、Atom、RSS跟任意的XML文件的開放標準之一。

想要開始寫一個hCard嗎？ 使用hCard產生器來寫一些聯絡資料然後發佈，或是照著hCard創作技巧來新增hCard標記到你目前的聯絡頁面。

編輯
Tantek Çelik (http://tantek.com/，之前在Technorati, Inc.服務，現在於Microsoft Corporation服務)
作者：Tantek Çelik (背景同上)
Brian Suda (http://suda.co.uk/)
致謝： 見 致謝。

版權跟專利聲明的申請。

狀態

hCard 1.0是一個microformats.org的規格，hCard公開討論在hcard-feedback、irc.freenode.net上的#microformats irc頻道跟microformats-discuss郵件列表。

可用語言

這個規格的英文版本是唯一正式的版本，文件的翻譯見翻譯這節。

錯誤及更新

這個規格已知的錯誤及問題在解決跟結案這裡被修正，在報告問題前請先檢查那裡。

hCard 1.0.1更新正在開發並且已知的錯誤也會結合進來修正，還有值類模式。

前言

vCard標準(RFC2426),和hCard的互相操作性已廣泛地實作(例如Apple的"Address Book"應用程式已內建於MacOSX)。

此外，很多部落客會用名字來識別自己並且跟他們的朋友及家人討論，只需一點點的結構，部落客可以用這樣一種方式在他們的部落格內跟人討論，這種方式網路蜘蛛跟其他的聚合器可以取得這個資訊，並且自動地將它們轉換到vCards，然後在任何vCard的應用程式或服務使用他們。

這個規格介紹了hCard格式，hCard在語義的HTML裡使用了前面提到的vCard標準的屬性和值來1：1的實現，部落客也可以直接用內嵌的hCards在他們的網頁裡，並且用CSS來設計樣式來使他們可以如預期顯示，此外，hCard允許應用程式直接從網頁來取得訊息而不需參考一個單獨的檔案來做。

使用hCard產生器並且複製它產生的HTML原始碼到你的部落格或網站來公佈你的聯絡資訊。

The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119.

格式

一般來說

vCard標準(RFC2426)構成了hCard基礎。

hCard的基本格式的類別名稱以小寫的vCaard物件/屬性名稱來使用，並且直接對應巢狀的vCard物件到巢狀的HTML元素裡。

根類別名稱

一個hCard的根類別名稱是"vcard"，一個"vcard"類別名稱的元素就是它自己稱作hCard。

屬性跟子屬性

一個hCard的屬性是由hCard內的元素來表現，有下列屬性的類別名稱的元素表現那些屬性的值，某些屬性有子屬性，並且對該屬性來說是由元素內的元素來表現。

屬性列表

hCard屬性(子屬性會像這樣括號起來)

需求：

  • fn
  • n1 (family-name, given-name, additional-name, honorific-prefix, honorific-suffix)

可選擇的：

  • adr (post-office-box, extended-address, street-address, locality, region, postal-code, country-name, type, value)
  • agent
  • bday
  • category
  • class
  • email (type, value)
  • geo (latitude, longitude)
  • key
  • label
  • logo
  • mailer
  • nickname
  • note
  • org (organization-name, organization-unit)
  • photo
  • rev
  • role
  • sort-string
  • sound
  • tel2 (type, value)
  • title
  • tz
  • uid
  • url

屬性備註

1. ^:假如任意的隱藏的'n'最佳化規則是有效的話，'n'屬性是可選擇的。
2. ^: tel - 作者可能會遵循E.123標準來書寫電話號碼的值，字母值(例 +1-555-格式) 必須轉換為數字，使用abbr來顯示字母並同時提供一個數值的值，例<abbr title="+15553676287">+1-555-格式</abbr>。

單一屬性 vs 多重屬性

單一屬性：'fn', 'n', 'bday', 'tz', 'geo', 'sort-string', 'uid', 'class', 'rev'，對單一屬性來說，有類別的第一代元素Template:應該開始作用，而其他的會被忽略。

所有其他的屬性可能是多重的，像這樣屬性的每個類別實體會產生那個屬性的一個新實體。

人們可讀的 vs 機器可讀的

一個屬性元素的人類可見的文字內容表現該屬性的值，只有一些例外：

假如<abbr>元素被用作一個特性，那麼<abbr>元素的'title'屬性（如果存在的話） 就是這個特性的值，而不是元素的內容，取代的是一個更像樣的版本值。

If an <a> element is used for one or more properties, it MUST be treated as follows:

  1. For the 'photo' property and any other property that takes a URL as its value, the href="..." attribute provides the property value.
  2. For other properties, the element's content is the value of the property.

If an <img> element is used for one or more properties, it MUST be treated as follows:

  1. For the 'photo' property and any other property that takes a URL as its value, the src="..." attribute provides the property value.
  2. For other properties, the <img> element's 'alt' attribute is the value of the property.

If an <object> element is used for one or more properties, it MUST be treated as follows:

  1. For the 'photo' property and any other property that takes a URL as its value, the data="..." attribute provides the property value.
  2. For other properties, the element's content is the value of the property.

Value excerpting

Sometimes only part of an element which is the equivalent for a property is used for the value of the property. This typically occurs when a property has a subtype, like 'tel'. For this purpose, the special class name "value" is used to excerpt out the subset of the element that is the value of the property. E.g. here is an hCard fragment for marking up a home phone number:

vCard: 

TEL;TYPE=HOME:+1.415.555.1212

hCard: 

<span class="tel">
 <span class="type">home</span>:
 <span class="value">+1.415.555.1212</span>
</span>

This hCard fragment could be displayed as:

home: +1.415.555.1212


Property Exceptions

vCard has several properties which either do not make sense on, or are already implied within the context of a web page. This section explains what to (not) do with them.

  1. vCard's NAME, PROFILE, SOURCE, PRODID, VERSION properties are defined in Sections 2.1.2, 2.1.3, 2.1.4, 3.6.3, 3.6.9 of RFC2426. Content publishers MUST NOT use these properties in their hCards, and as such, hCard consumers/parsers MUST IGNORE these properties if they are found within an hCard. Instead. hCard to vCard converters SHOULD use the title of the page where the hCard is found (e.g. the <title> element in HTML documents) to construct the NAME property, MAY output a PROFILE value of "VCARD" per RFC2426, SHOULD use the URL of the page where the hCard is found to construct the SOURCE property (e.g. perhaps as a parameter to a URL/service that converts hCards to vCards), for an output vCard stream (e.g. a .vcf file). Only services/applications that output actual vCards should write the PRODID property, with the product identifier for said service/application. Similarly, only such services/applications should write the VERSION property, with the value "3.0" (without quotes) per RFC2426 Section 3.6.9.

Organization Contact Info

If the "FN" and "ORG" (organization) properties have the exact same value (typically because they are set on the same element, e.g. class="fn org"), then the hCard represents contact information for a company, organization or place and SHOULD be treated as such. In this case the author also MUST NOT set the "N" property, or set it (and any sub-properties) explicitly to the empty string "". Thus parsers SHOULD handle the missing "N" property, in this case by implying empty values for all the "N" sub-properties.

Implied "n" Optimization

Although vCard requires that the "N" property be present, the authors of the vCard specification (RFC2426) themselves do not include "N" properties in their vCards near the end of the spec (p.38). This apparent contradiction can be resolved by simply allowing the "FN" property to imply "N" property values in typical cases provided in the spec. We do so explicitly in hCard.

If "FN" and "ORG" are not the same (see previous section), and the value of the "FN" property is exactly two words (separated by whitespace), and there is no explicit "N" property, then the "N" property is inferred from the "FN" property. For "FN"s with either one word see below, and for three or more, the author MUST explicitly markup the "N", except for the organization contact info case, see above for that.

  1. The content of "FN" is broken into two "words" separated by whitespace.
  2. The first word of the "FN" is interpreted as the "given-name" for the "N" property.
  3. The second/last word of the "FN" is interpreted as the "family-name" for the "N" property.
  4. Exception: If the first word ends in a "," comma, then the first word (minus the comma at the end) is interpreted as the "family-name" and the second word is interpreted as the "given-name".

This allows simplification in the typical case of people stating:

  • given-name (space) family-name
  • family-name (comma) given-name

Implied "nickname" Optimization

Due to the prevalence of the use of nicknames/handles/usernames in actual content published on the Web (e.g. authors of reviews), hCard also has an implied "nickname" optimization to handle this.

Similar to the implied "n" optimization, if "FN" and "ORG" are not the same, and the value of the "FN" property is exactly one word, and there is no explicit "N" property, then:

  1. The content of the "FN" MUST be treated as a "nickname" property value.
  2. Parsers SHOULD handle the missing "N" property by implying empty values for all the "N" sub-properties.

Though parsers MUST follow the implied nickname optimization, publishers SHOULD explicitly indicate the "nickname" even in this case, e.g.: 

<span class="vcard">
 <span class="fn nickname">daveman692</span>
</span>

The hCard MAY have additional explicit "nickname" property values in addition to the implied nickname.

Implied "organization-name" Optimization

The "ORG" property has two subproperties, organization-name and organization-unit. Very often authors only publish the organization-name. Thus if an "ORG" property has no "organization-name" inside it, then its entire contents MUST be treated as the "organization-name".

Tags as Categories

Categories in hCard MAY be represented by tags with rel-tag. When a category property is a rel-tag, the tag (as defined by rel-tag) is used for that category.

type subproperty values

The 'type' subproperty in particular takes different values depending on which property it is a subproperty of. These 'type' subproperty values are case-INSENSITIVE, meaning "Home" is the same as "home", as well as multivalued, e.g. a tel can be home and preferred:

vCard: 

TEL;TYPE=HOME,PREF:+1.415.555.1212

hCard: 

<span class="tel"><span class="type">Home</span> (<span class="type">pref</span>erred):
 <span class="value">+1.415.555.1212</span>
</span>

This could be displayed as:

Home (preferred): +1.415.555.1212

type with unspecified value

When the type of a property is specified, and there is no explicit value specified, then everything in the property except for the type is considered the value of the property. E.g. 

<span class="tel"><span class="type">Home</span> +1.415.555.1212</span>

is equivalent to: 

<span class="tel"><span class="type">Home</span><span class="value"> +1.415.555.1212</span></span>

And thus the type is "home" and the value is "+1.415.555.1212".

adr tel email types

The following lists are informative. See RFC2426 sections 3.2.1 ADR, 3.3.1 TEL, and 3.3.2 EMAIL respectively for normative type values. They are repeated here for convenience. Default type subproperty value(s) is(are) first in each list and indicated in ALL CAPS. types may be multivalued.

  • adr type: INTL, POSTAL, PARCEL, WORK, dom, home, pref
  • tel type: VOICE, home, msg, work, pref, fax, cell, video, pager, bbs, modem, car, isdn, pcs
  • email type: INTERNET, x400, pref

Profile

The hCard XMDP profile is at http://microformats.org/profile/hcard

Content that uses hCard SHOULD reference this profile, e.g. 

<head profile="http://microformats.org/profile/hcard">

or 

<link rel="profile" href="http://microformats.org/profile/hcard">

or 

This content uses <a rel="profile" href="http://microformats.org/profile/hcard">hCard</a>.

Content may combine the above methods as well.

Parsing Details

See hCard parsing.

Examples

This section is informative.

Sample vCard

Here is a sample vCard: 

BEGIN:VCARD
VERSION:3.0
N:Çelik;Tantek
FN:Tantek Çelik
URL:http://tantek.com/
END:VCARD

and an equivalent in hCard with various elements optimized appropriately. See hCard Example 1 for the derivation. 

<div class="vcard">
 <a class="url fn" href="http://tantek.com/">Tantek Çelik</a>
</div>

This hCard might be displayed as:

Tantek Çelik

Note: The version information is unnecessary in hCard markup directly since the version will be defined by the profile of hCard that is used/referred to in the 'profile' attribute of the <head> element.

Live example

Here is Commercenet's contact details, as a live hCard which will be detected, on this page, by microformat parsing tools:

CommerceNet
http://www.commerce.net/
Work:
169 University Avenue

Palo Alto, CA  94301

USA
Work +1-650-289-4040
Fax +1-650-289-4041
Email

The mark-up, emboldening omitted for clarity, with the following semantic improvements:

  • abbr to expand abbreviations
  • hyperlinking the org name with the url
<div class="vcard">
  <a class="fn org url" href="http://www.commerce.net/">CommerceNet</a>
  <div class="adr">
    <span class="type">Work</span>:
    <div class="street-address">169 University Avenue</div>
    <span class="locality">Palo Alto</span>,  
    <abbr class="region" title="California">CA</abbr>&nbsp;&nbsp;
    <span class="postal-code">94301</span>
    <div class="country-name">USA</div>
  </div>
  <div class="tel">
   <span class="type">Work</span> +1-650-289-4040
  </div>
  <div class="tel">
    <span class="type">Fax</span> +1-650-289-4041
  </div>
  <div>Email: 
   <span class="email">info@commerce.net</span>
  </div>
</div>

More Examples

See hCard examples for more examples, including all examples from vCard RFC2426 converted into hCard.

Examples in the wild

This section is informative. The number of hCard examples in the wild has expanded far beyond the capacity of being kept inline in this specification. They have been moved to a separate page.

See hCard Examples in the wild.

Implementations

This section is informative. The number of hCard implementations has also expanded beyond the capacity of keeping them inline. They have been moved to a separate page.

See hCard Implementations.

Articles

This section is informative. For further reading on hCard see hcard-articles.

Buttons

You can use these buttons on pages with hCards. See buttons#hCard for any recent additions.

Copyright

Per the public domain release on the authors' user pages (Tantek Çelik, Brian Suda) this specification is released into the public domain.

Public Domain Contribution Requirement. Since the author(s) released this work into the public domain, in order to maintain this work's public domain status, all contributors to this page agree to release their contributions to this page to the public domain as well. Contributors may indicate their agreement by adding the public domain release template to their user page per the Voluntary Public Domain Declarations instructions. Unreleased contributions may be reverted/removed.

Patents

This specification is subject to a royalty free patent policy, e.g. per the W3C Patent Policy, and IETF RFC3667 & RFC3668.

References

Normative References

Informative References

This section is informative.

Specifications That Use hCard

Similar Work

This section is informative.

Inspiration and Acknowledgments

This section is informative. Thanks to: my good friend Vadim who introduced me to vCard many years ago, and if I'd only paid more attention then, perhaps I could have helped a lot of people avoid wasting a lot of time reinventing various standards wheels.

Notes on derivation from vCard

This section is informative.

More Semantic Equivalents

For some properties there are HTML elements which better match and convey their semantics. The following properties SHOULD be encoded with the following HTML:

  • URL in vCard becomes <a class="url" href="...">...</a> inside the element with class="vcard" in hCard.
  • Similarly, EMAIL in vCard becomes <a class="email" href="mailto:...">...</a>
  • PHOTO in vCard becomes <img class="photo" src="..." alt="Photo of ..." /> or <object class="photo" data="..." type="...">Photo of ...</object>
  • UID in vCard simply becomes another semantic applied to a specific URL (or EMAIL) for an hCard.

Singular and Plural derivations

The lists of singular and plural properties have been derived by analyzing the semantics of the individual properties in vCard RFC2426 and determining logically that they MUST be singular per their semantics. See hcard-singular-properties for explanations.

Plural Properties Singularized

Since plural property names become their singular equivalents, even if the original plural property permitted only a single value with multiple components, those multiple components are represented each with their own singularly named property and the the property is effectively multivalued and subject to the above treatment of multivalued properties.

Related Pages

The hCard specification is a work in progress. As additional aspects are discussed, understood, and written, they will be added. These thoughts, issues, and questions are kept in separate pages.

Translations

Read the hCard specification in additional languages:

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