citation-examples
Citation Examples
The following examples are real world examples of citations found on the web. Please add to this list. The idea is that we get a solid sample of examples and see what commonalities there are amonst them and try to build this microformat so that it can meet 80% of typical uses.
See also:
Contributors
- ...
- Brian Suda
- Tantek Çelik
- Michael McCracken
- Tim White
Citation Mark Up in the Wild
Mark up examples from reference publisher's websites (online catalogs), including ABC-CLIO, Greenwood Press, Marshall Cavendish, Oxford University Press (USA) and Thomson Gale. Examples are broken down and organized by element.
(For a cleaner version, see [1])
ABC-CLIO Product detail page
- title
- subtitle
- author
- image
- publication date
- pages
- volumes
- specifications (book dimentions 8.5x11, weight, etc)
- Format - (Hardback, softback)
- Price
- ISBN
Greenwood Press home page featured book
- title
- subtitle
- author
- ISBN
- Price
- Description
Greenwood Press Product detail page
- Title
- subtitle
- authors
- AuthorsNote
- BookCode (internal code system)
- ISBN
- Page
- Publisher
- Publication Date
- Price
- Availability
- MediaType
- categories
- LC Card Number
- LCC Class
- Dewey Class
Marshall Cavendish product page
- ISBN
- Series
- Title
- publisher
- Specifications (dimentions/weight)
- Authors
- Target Audience
- Price
- description
Oxford University Press (USA) homepage
- title
- subTitle
- edition
- byline
- ISBN
- format - hardback
- publication Date
- price
- description
- related
Oxford University Press (USA) Product page
- title
- subTitle
- edition
- byline
- image
- isbnNumber
- format - hardback
- pages
- publication Date
- availability
- price
Thomson Gale product detail page
- title
- excerp
- Volume
- Publisher
- description
- Published date
- ISBN
- Product number (internal code system)
- Pages
- Shipping Weight
- price
RFC vCard Example
- refID (HTML @ID)
- title
- publication
- title
- Journal
- Volume
- Issue
- page
- pubdate
- RFC ID
W3C XHTML Spec Example
- refID (HTML @ID)
- URL
- title
- subtitle
- part (1 of X)
- journal
- authors
- pubdate
- language
- ISO/IEC ID
- RFC ID
CiteProc XHTML Output
The XHTML output for CiteProc[2] wasn't designed per se as a microformat, but is probably not a bad place to start. It is desgined to handle a wide range of content. Here is the APA output:
- refID (HTML @ID)
- creator
- role (to indicate editors and translators)
- date
- title
- volume
- issue
- page
- issue
- container (a book serves as container for a chapter)
- type (book, newspaper, proceedings)
- edition
- publisher
- place
- location (for urls and physical locations)
- access date (for online items)
ACM Digital Library Search Result Examples
The ACM Digital Library is a heavily used computer science literature database. Original Markup
- title
- authors
- Pages
- format (PDF)
- Additional Information
- abstract
- index terms
- journal
- issue
- volume
- pubdate
- DOI
IEEE IEEExplore Search Results Markup
- title
- authors
- issue
- Volume
- Issue
- pubdate
- Page
- Digital Object Identifier (DOI)
- Summary
CiteSeer database search results
The CiteSeer database has been another heavily used Computer Science online resource, and it has minimal markup: Original Markup
- author
- title
- publication (where it was found)
- pages
- publication date
- URL
CiteULike.org citation listing
- title
- author
- subjects
- image
- Volume
- Number
- publication date
- page
Links to services with the following IDs embedded in the link
- Z3988
- DOI
- Pubmed
- Hubmed
Amazon.com citation info
This is from a detail page on Amazon.com for a book. Original Markup
- title
- author
- series title
- page
PubMed Medical Journal Example
- abstract
- title
- publisher
- date/time published
- Review (BOOLEAN YES/NO)
- PubMedID
Wikipedia
Wikipedia makes extensive use of bibliographic citations, in particular to point readers to further inforamtion sources. The kinds of citations used on the site run the full gamut; from scientific articles published in journals, to legal cases, to conference presentations, to primary historical sources.
Self-Citation Example
One example of an article that includes a statement "please cite as" (a self-description):
- title
- author
- periodical (journal) title
- volume
- issue
- pages
- year
Citation of an Online Resource
At University of Michigan's Center for Research on Learning and Teaching you see citations like this:
Chief Academic Officers of the Big 12 Universities (2000). Big 12 Faculty Fellowship Program. Retrieved December 20, 2000 from the World Wide Wed: http://www.k-state.edu/provost/academic/big12/big12guide.htm.
- title
- publication year
- department/author
- retrieval date
- URL
Implied schema
List of all properties
This are a summation of all the properties in the examples, I have tried to logically group them together.
- title
- subtitle
- author
- editor
- translator
- image
- date (issued, copyrighted, accessed)
- language
- description/Summary/abstract
- excerpt
- index terms
- categories (keywords, tags, labels, etc.)
RELATIONS
- container (publication; periodicals, books, etc.)
- collection (series and so forth)
- event (conference, etc.)
- original (for republished material)
LOCATION INFORMATION
- pages
- volume
- series title
- Series
- edition
- issue
- publication
- journal
- part (1 of X)
PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES
- Specifications (dimentions/weight)
- Format/type (book, newspaper, proceedings)
IDENTIFIERS
- ISBN
- LC Card Number
- LCC Class
- Dewey Class
- URL
- RFC ID
- ISO/IEC ID
- DOI
- PubMedID
PUBLISHER
- publisher
These are sort of left overs, the are not really about citations, but more about commerce or other things. If they are important we can move them to the above list.
- refID (HTML @ID)
- Reviewed (BOOLEAN YES/NO)
- Availability
- Price
- Shipping Weight
- related
- Product number (internal system code)
- BookCode (internal system code)
- AuthorsNote
- Additional Information
- Target Audience
Analysis of Examples
With exception of just a few properties, all of the above appeared in atleast two different examples. The following properties were very common in most the example formats:
- title
- subtitle
- author
- publication date
- description
- pages
- ISBN
- publisher
Styles
This does NOT define a format, but instead shows how the format should be displayed. This is something out of the direct scope of this project. CSS styles will handle the look-and-feel of the text, and the author can put it in any order they choose. These links are mentioned for two reasons, one is informative, the other is so we know at least meet the minimum properties that are used in the styles.
- MLA Style
- Chicago, MLA, and APA styles
- Writer's Workshop citation style page (detailed citation style info)
- Blue Book for legal citations
- Columbia University Citation Style developed for modern internet citations