citation-examples
Citation Examples
The following examples are real world examples of citations found on the web. Please add to this list. The idea is that we get a solid sample of examples and see what commonalities there are amonst them and try to build this microformat so that it can meet 80% of typical uses.
See also:
Contributors
- ...
- Brian Suda
- Tantek Çelik
- Michael McCracken
- Tim White
- Ed Summers
Citation Mark Up in the Wild
Mark up examples from reference publisher's websites (online catalogs), including ABC-CLIO, Greenwood Press, Marshall Cavendish, Oxford University Press (USA) and Thomson Gale. Examples are broken down and organized by element.
(For a cleaner version, see [1]) -- is this link now out of date?--Mike 18:19, 30 Aug 2006 (PDT)
ABC-CLIO Product detail page
- title
- subtitle
- author
- image
- publication date
- pages
- volumes
- specifications (book dimentions 8.5x11, weight, etc)
- Format - (Hardback, softback)
- Price
- ISBN
Greenwood Press featured book
greenwood press home page Original Markup
- title
- subtitle
- author
- ISBN
- Price
- Description
Greenwood Press product detail page
Product detail page Original Markup
- Title
- subtitle
- authors
- AuthorsNote
- BookCode (internal code system)
- ISBN
- Page
- Publisher
- Publication Date
- Price
- Availability
- MediaType
- categories
- LC Card Number
- LCC Class
- Dewey Class
Marshall Cavendish product page
- ISBN
- Series
- Title
- publisher
- Specifications (dimentions/weight)
- Authors
- Target Audience
- Price
- description
Oxford University Press (USA) home page
- title
- subTitle
- edition
- byline
- ISBN
- format - hardback
- publication Date
- price
- description
- related
Oxford University Press (USA) product detail page
Product page
- title
- subTitle
- edition
- byline
- image
- isbnNumber
- format - hardback
- pages
- publication Date
- availability
- price
Thomson Gale product detail page
- title
- excerp
- Volume
- Publisher
- description
- Published date
- ISBN
- Product number (internal code system)
- Pages
- Shipping Weight
- price
RFC vCard Example
- refID (HTML @ID)
- title
- publication
- title
- Journal
- Volume
- Issue
- page
- pubdate
- RFC ID
W3C XHTML Spec Example
- refID (HTML @ID)
- URL
- title
- subtitle
- part (1 of X)
- journal
- authors
- pubdate
- language
- ISO/IEC ID
- RFC ID
CiteProc XHTML Output
The XHTML output for CiteProc[2] wasn't designed per se as a microformat, but is probably not a bad place to start. It is desgined to handle a wide range of content. Here is the APA output:
- refID (HTML @ID)
- creator
- role (to indicate editors and translators)
- date
- title
- volume
- issue
- page
- issue
- container (a book serves as container for a chapter)
- type (book, newspaper, proceedings)
- edition
- publisher
- place
- location (for urls and physical locations)
- access date (for online items)
ACM Digital Library Search Result Examples
The ACM Digital Library is a heavily used computer science literature database. The Original Markup contained two examples, a journal article and a conference proceedings article.
Journal article:
- title
- authors
- Pages
- format (PDF)
- Additional Information
- abstract
- index terms
- journal
- issue
- volume
- pubdate
- DOI
Conference Proceedings:
- title
- authors
- author institutions
- source (conference + proceedings name)
- page
- year
- isbn
- publisher name & address
- DOI
- abstract
- subject category labels
- keywords
IEEE IEEExplore Search Results Markup
- title
- authors
- journal
- issue
- volume
- issue
- pubdate
- page
- Digital Object Identifier (DOI)
- summary
CiteSeer database search results
The CiteSeer database has been another heavily used Computer Science online resource, and it has minimal markup: Original Markup
- author
- title
- journal
- pages
- publication date
- URL
CiteULike.org citation listing
- title
- author
- subjects
- image
- Volume
- Number
- publication date
- page
Links to services with the following IDs embedded in the link
- Z3988
- DOI
- Pubmed
- Hubmed
Amazon.com citation info
This is from a detail page on Amazon.com for a book. Original Markup
- title
- author
- series title
- page
PubMed Medical Journal Example
- abstract
- title
- publisher
- journal
- date/time published
- Review (BOOLEAN YES/NO)
- PubMedID
BibDesk Default Template
This is a pretty simplistic template for a very general app, but it seems to be OK for most BD users.
- Title
- Author
- Journal
- Volume
- Pages
- Date
- Url
- Abstract
Wikipedia
Wikipedia makes extensive use of bibliographic citations, in particular to point readers to further information sources. There are differing formats depending on Wikipedia's language:
English Wikipdia
The kinds of citations used on the site run the full gamut. Here are breakdowns of four categories previously mentioned:
Book
- title
- author
- publisher
- year
- ISBN
- url (indirectly via special wikipedia ISBN page)
Journal Articles
- author (truncated list)
- year
- title
- journal title
- journal number
- page range
- DOI
Court cases
- title
- case number
- note that legal standards for referring to cases include some inscrutable abbreviations that are probably more detailed than just "case number"
- court name
- year
- description/abstract
U.S. Law
- title (title number, for example "50" in "50 U.S.C. chapter 36."
- chapter title (name, for example "Foreign Intelligence Surveillance" )
- chapter number
- section, paragraph, subparagraph numbers (optionally)
Conference presentations
- title
- location
- date
- author (implied - the page is about this person)
Historical Sources
- source / location
- title
- publisher
- year
- description
- url
U.S. Patent
- number
German Wikipedia
EPrints.org
Based on Expressing Dublin Core in HTML/XHTML meta and link elements and rfc2731, Eprints.org uses the following Dublin Core terms in meta tags in the HTML HEAD of each paper's page:
- title
- creator (author)
- description (abstract)
- date
- type
- identifier (a url)
- format
- a strange syntax for the meta content:"pdf http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/12070/01/Alani-final.pdf"" for the format term...
- fulltext
- this is in a rel-alternate link element. The class is 'fulltext', and the href is the same link as in format, only a valid URL this time.
In the body of the page, they use the following classes, now no longer DC terms:
- title
- authors (a flat list with abbreviated names)
- year
- conference
- conference location
Self-Citation Example
One example of an article that includes a statement "please cite as" (a self-description):
- title
- author
- periodical (journal) title
- volume
- issue
- pages
- year
Citation of an Online Resource
At University of Michigan's Center for Research on Learning and Teaching you see citations like this:
Chief Academic Officers of the Big 12 Universities (2000). Big 12 Faculty Fellowship Program. Retrieved December 20, 2000 from the World Wide Wed: http://www.k-state.edu/provost/academic/big12/big12guide.htm.
- title
- publication year
- department/author
- retrieval date
- URL
OCLC WorldCat Online
Book
- title
- type (book)
- publisher name
- publisher location
- copyright date
- isbn
- oclc number
- subjects
- author
- z39.88 (COinS)
Journal
- title
- type (journal)
- publisher
- issn
- oclc number
- subjects
- z39.88 (COinS)
Implied schema
List of all properties
This are a summation of all the properties in the examples, I have tried to logically group them together.
- title
- subtitle
- author
- editor
- translator
- image
- date (issued, copyrighted, accessed)
- language
- description/Summary/abstract
- excerpt
- index terms
- categories (keywords, tags, labels, etc.)
RELATIONS
- container (publication; periodicals, books, etc.)
- collection (series and so forth)
- event (conference, etc.)
- original (for republished material)
LOCATION INFORMATION
- pages
- volume
- series title
- Series
- edition
- issue
- publication
- journal
- part (1 of X)
PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES
- Specifications (dimentions/weight)
- Format/type (book, newspaper, proceedings)
IDENTIFIERS
- ISBN
- LC Card Number
- LCC Class
- Dewey Class
- URL
- RFC ID
- ISO/IEC ID
- DOI
- PubMedID
PUBLISHER
- publisher
These are sort of left overs, the are not really about citations, but more about commerce or other things. If they are important we can move them to the above list.
- refID (HTML @ID)
- Reviewed (BOOLEAN YES/NO)
- Availability
- Price
- Shipping Weight
- related
- Product number (internal system code)
- BookCode (internal system code)
- AuthorsNote
- Additional Information
- Target Audience
Analysis of Examples
With exception of just a few properties, all of the above appeared in atleast two different examples. The following properties were very common in most the example formats:
- title
- subtitle
- author
- publication date
- description
- pages
- ISBN
- publisher
Styles
This does NOT define a format, but instead shows how the format should be displayed. This is something out of the direct scope of this project. CSS styles will handle the look-and-feel of the text, and the author can put it in any order they choose. These links are mentioned for two reasons, one is informative, the other is so we know at least meet the minimum properties that are used in the styles.
- MLA Style
- Chicago, MLA, and APA styles
- Writer's Workshop citation style page (detailed citation style info)
- Blue Book for legal citations
- Columbia University Citation Style developed for modern internet citations